role of communication

Question 1

gottman positive affects

Answer 1

interest validation affection humour joy

Question 2

Negative affect

Answer 2

disgust contempt belligerence, domineering, anger, fear, defensiveness, whining, sadness, stonewalling

Question 3

aim of gottman

Answer 3

To test the role of positive functions on a relationship. He wanted to test the active listening model, in other words the validation model.

Question 4

participants gottman

Answer 4

Couples recruit from newspaper
Married for the 1 time within 6 months of participation and no kids
Marital adjustment test; to test for satisfaction

124 couples

Question 5

gottman procedure

Answer 5

• Every year for 6 years they were tested with the MAT
• At the end there were 17 divorces
• MAT decide on a topic of disagreement for the session
• topic was discussed for 15 mins and
• heart rate
• pulse
• skin conductivity
  measured
• they were asked to sit for 2 mins to establish a baseline
• both were recorded, and the specific affect coding system was used to measure expressions, then other observers watch it
• active listening was qualified as when one produced a negative affect, and the other validates it
• they then had to review their video and they were asked to continually rate how they felt throughout on a scale of 1-10

Question 6

results gottman

Answer 6

• high intensity neg affect predicted divorce for men and woman (bewilderment, defensiveness and contempt)
• low intensity affect predicts divorce women(wining sadness disgust)
  -active listening was rarely demonstrated and there isn’t enough evidence to support it

Question 7

strengths gottman

Answer 7

• Using data triangulation as both physical aspects plus observations were used
• Inter coder reliability established increasing internal validity
• SPAFF (specfic inter coder affect ting)is standardized

Question 8

weaknesses gottman

Answer 8

-Self selected samples - sampling bias
-Reductionist as it could be a number of factors, not just one
-Internal validity of such longitudinal studies is problematic

Question 10

what questions is bradbury and fincham useful for?

Answer 10

• communication
• why relationships fall apart
• ethics
• research method

Question 11

participants bradbury and fincham

Answer 11

• 47 married couples through local media
• Had not been in counseling
• Average length of 8.5 years

Question 12

procedure bradbury and fincham

Answer 12

• All participants complete a survey on marital satisfaction
• questionnaire: determine the greatest problems in their marriage
• They chose a similarity issue for both parties and asked them who was responsible
• They then questioned them on one issue that wasn’t apparent by both people
• After they were brought together to discuss a solution
• Was in a lab
• 15 minutes
• Recorded

Question 13

research method and aim of bradbury and fincham

Answer 13

• observational study
• To see wether attribution factors are related to marital satisfaction

Question 14

what were bradburys two theories of communication

Answer 14

relationship enhancing pattern
- distress maintaining pattern

Question 15

relationship enhancing patterns

Answer 15

relationshipis that dont place blame on one anouther or claim thinsg were done on purpose

Question 16

distress maintaining pattern

Answer 16

blaming partners for action and dont give credit for potive events

Question 17

results bradbury and fincham

Answer 17

• Three researchers independently coded the tape for Relationship enhancing patterns and Distress-maintaining pattern
• lower marital satisfaction: harmful patterns, and more likely to blame marital problems on their partner and tend to see their partner behave intentionally with selfishness
• seemed more hostile and rejective of their partners approaches

Question 18

conclusion bradbury and fincham

Answer 18

The way people attribute (blame/explain) marital problems are related to the behaviours that spouses exhibit during problem solving

Question 19

weaknesses bradbury and fincham

Answer 19

• results are correlational = bidirectional ambiguity. We don’t know if distress-maintaining communications cause or is a result of marriage dysfunctions
• Reductionist to just communication styles, other factors = mental health
• There was not consistency to the seriousness of the problems that were being discussed
• The pre-questionnaire may have influenced behaviour. Order effect was not applies
• Sampling bias- all western
• Cross sectional design so change over time can not be observed

Question 20

strengths bradbury and fincham

Answer 20

• Research triangulation, strengthening the data