Rome

Question 0

Republic

Answer 0

The business of the people, legislative/senate, society ruled by the public, not under the tyranny of one man, despite their democratic intentions, neighbors requested to be recognized as Romans, unintentionally creating an empire.

Question 1

Tarquin “the proud”

Answer 1

Also know as Tarquinius superbus, last of the Etruscan kings ruling Romans, heavy handed ruler, many disagreed with his rules, his son raped a roman woman, which outraged the Romans and led to a revolt, lasting about two years, during that time the Romans overthrew the Etruscan rule and abolished monarchy and established the republic.

Question 3

Punic wars

Answer 3

-3wars against Carthage
- War 1: initiated by and on Sicily, called Rome for help, shared a common border with Carthage, Rome took over Carthaginian land and took Corsica island, as well (signed a treaty with Carthage)
- War 2: started in Iberia, moved over to the Rome, over a conflict in Iberia (small community), under Carthaginian control, decided to allay themselves with the Romans, Carthaginian war was led by Hannibal (ended with treaties, Rome conquered more territories)
- War 3: invasion of Carthage by Rome, Rome took all of their holdings in North Africa and utterly destroyed Carthage, anyone who wasn’t killed was enslaved, Carthaginian land was covered completely in salt by the Romans to ensure no others would occupy Carthage land ever again
- Ultimately, the Romans’ defeat of the Carthaginians, resulted in Rome collecting large amounts of land and territory (North Africa)
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Question 4

Carthage

Answer 4

Phoenicians, maritime people, largest navy in the Mediterranean, became powerful over the domination of trade, a number of colonies in Sicily.

Question 5

Hannibal

Answer 5

Carthaginian, raised a huge army, crossed the alps, beat the Romans and dominated the field against Rome, he could have won the war against the Romans, however, he never went into Rome or crossed the roman border.

Question 6

Julius Caesar

Answer 6

military man, “last man standing”, consolidates power within himself, ruling was similar to a king’s ruling.

Question 7

Octavian

Answer 7

son of Julius, replaced his father, not as egoistical, calls himself the “first among equals”, keeping in theme with the roman theory of a republic, making it seem as if the power was with the people, although it actually rested with him.

Question 8

patrician

Answer 8

Elite families of Rome (dating back to the founding ancestors of Rome), only members of this class were able to serve high ranking roles within the republic.

Question 9

Plebian

Answer 9

common people, often worked closely together with patricians and in a lower social class.

Question 10

pater familas

Answer 10

head of the family/household, under roman law, had absolute, legal authority and ultimate control over the members of his household and all household affairs ( could even legally kill his children), only applicable to full-blooded roman citizens.

Question 11

mos maiorum

Answer 11

religion followed by Romans, means “the way of the ancestors”, focused on sacrifices meant to keep the pax deorum, followed ancient religion, were not accepting of new trends
-mystery initiations for Isis, Egyptian god, spread over to roman religion

Question 12

8 cornerstones of mos maiorum

Answer 12

emphasized roman characters:

1. fides: fidelity/loyalty
2. pietas:devotion/patriotism
3. religio: reverence for higher powers.
4. disciplina: disipline
5. constantia:firmness/steadiness
6. gravitas:seriousness/dignity
7. parsimonia:frugakity
8. severitas;strictness

Question 13

pax derum

Answer 13

“the peace of the gods”

Question 14

jupiter

Answer 14

key god for the romans, “father jov”, similar to zeus, guardian of cosmic law and justice, “by jov’, an oath, swear

Question 15

vesta

Answer 15

goddess of family (household, hearth, kitchen, home), sacred fire in the temple of vesta, represented the blessings of the gods on rome ( fire going out was a bad sign), served as a traesury house/storage/ safe house (wills, jewelry, etc)

Question 16

vestal virgins

Answer 16

• group of women in charge of the sacred fire, mandatory vow of celibacy for 30 years (age7-37), during that time, they were permanent clergies, similar to nuns
• worshipped god and protected the hearth, under their own control ( not under a man), traveled by carriage, never walked, could vote, carried political weight, baked a type of bread to besprinkled over scarifices, could own their own wealth, contrasted with other women in roman society, just by their touch, A CRIMINAL COULD BE PARDONED AND A SLAVE COULD BE FREED BY THEM, POWERFUL.

Question 17

PONIFEX MAXIMUM

Answer 17

romans high priest, accountanable for maintaining the pax decorum, making sure the gods were happy and oversee sacrifices, for many periods, not allowed to leave rome ( only one per lifetime)

Question 18

mars

Answer 18

god of agriculture and war, father of romulus & remus

Question 19

vernae

Answer 19

people who were born into slavery or slaves by birth

Question 20

varnae scout

Answer 20

would approach slaves masters to buy slaves, most likely, young slave children, slave children did not generate any revenue/profit the slave master

Question 21

paedogogia

Answer 21

school for slave children, mainly vernae slaves, educated and trained for slavery

Question 22

servi

Answer 22

slaves

Question 23

servi publici

Answer 23

public slave, worked within the public sector: janitors, maintenance men, construction workers, temple servants (clean up after sacrifices), carpentry, fire brigades, work on structures , etc

Question 24

private slavery

Answer 24

2 branches

-familia rustica(rural) familia urbana(urban)

Question 25

familia rustica

Answer 25

latifundia slaves and pastoralist slaves

Question 26

latifundia

Answer 26

- hearts of roman slavery, "wide fields", plantation, owned by upper class romans, group of private slaves, over hundreds at a time - most slaves were thus, senators maintained their wealth through these slaves - grow grain, tend olives and grape vines for wine, etc; worked hard from sun up to sun down, lived in the ergastula

Question 27

villicus(male/vilica(female)

Answer 27

slave overseer oversaw latifunda slaves

Question 28

eragustala

Answer 28

prison/barrack like setting with bards and a dungeon

Question 29

Roman Republic

Answer 29

The period from 507 to 31 bce, during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic roman senate.

Question 30

roman senate

Answer 30

a council whose members were the heads of wealthy, landowning families. originally an advisory body to the early kings, in the era of the roman republic the senate effectively governed the roman state and the growing empire. Under senate leadership, Rome conquered an empire of unprecedented extent in the lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. In the first century BC.E quarrels among powerful and ambitious senators and failure to address social and economical problems led to civil wars and emergence of the rule of the emperors.

Question 31

patron/client relationship

Answer 31

In ancient Rome, a fundamental social relationship in which the patron -a wealthy and powerful individual- provided legal and economic protection and assistance to clients, men of lesser status and means, and in return the clients supported the political careers and economic interests of their patron.

Question 32

Roman principate

Answer 32

A term used to characterize roman government in the first three centuries C.E., based on the ambiguous titles precepts ("first citizen") adopted by Augustus to conceal his military dictatorship.

Question 33

Augustus (63bce-14ce)

Answer 33

honorific name of Octavian, founder of the roman principate, the military dictatorship that replaced the failing rule of the roman senate. after defeating all rivals, between 31 b.c.e. and 14 c.e. he laid the groundwork for several centuries of stability and prosperity in the roman empire.

Question 34

Equites

Answer 34

In ancient Italy, prosperous landowners second in wealth and status to the senatorial aristocracy. The roman emperors allied with this group to counterbalance the influence of the old aristocracy and used the equites to staff the imperial civil service.

Question 35

pax romana

Answer 35

Literally, roman peace, it connoted the stability and prosperity that Roman rule brought to the lands of the roman empire in the 1st two centuries C.E. The Movement of the people and trade goods along Roman roads and safe seas allowed for the spread of cultural practices, technologies, and religious idea.

Question 36

Romanization

Answer 36

the process by which the Latin language and Roman culture became dominant in the western provinces of the Roman Empire. The Roman government did not actively seek to Romanize the subject peoples, but indigenous peoples in the provinces often chose to romanize because of the political and economic advantages that it brought, as well as the allure of Roman success.

Question 37

Jesus (5 Bce-34 CE.)

Answer 37

A Jew from Galilee in northern Israel who sought to reform Jewish Beliefs and practices. He was executed as a revolutionary by the Romans. Hailed as the Messiah and son of God by his followers, he became the central figure in Christianity, a belief system that developed in the centuries after his death.

Question 38

Paul (Ca. 5-65 ce)

Answer 38

A Jew from the Greek city of Tarsus in Anatolia, he initially persecuted the followers of Jesus but became a christian after receiving a revelation on the rad to Syrian Damascus. taking advantage of his Hellenized background and roman citizenship, he traveled throughout Syria-Palestine, Anatolia, and Greece, preaching the new religion and establishing churches. finding his greatest success among pagans ("gentiles"0, he begun the process by which Christianity separated from Judaism.