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Ancient History > ROME- SECURING THE REPUBLIC (4) > Flashcards

ROME- SECURING THE REPUBLIC (4) Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the Conflict of the Orders

A

494-287 (only -440 in the study)

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1
Q

What was a protest secession

A

Non-violent protests to demand greater access to the political system.
Eg. refusing to work/live in the city which forced the patricians to listen and act on their concerns.

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2
Q

What was the impact of Lake Regillus

A

While plebeians were fighting, their own land was being destroyed/families imprisoned
When those reduced to homelessness were instructed to pay a new war tax, the soldiers went into debt
Their land/possessions would be taken, and they would be whipped, if they couldn’t repay their debts

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3
Q

How would a revolt impact Rome?

A

No:
Army
Workforce
Income from farming
Inhabitants
Support

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4
Q

Who were the consuls at the time of Regillus?

A

Publius Servillius and Appius Claudius (1)

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5
Q

What is a quorum?

A

The number of people from a group needed to make a meeting official

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6
Q

What is a secession

A

Plebeian protests in the public, when plebeians left the city to create a new settlement, usually on the Aventine Hill

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7
Q

What were the Servillius and Claudius’ views on the secession

A

Appius Claudius (1) wanted to suppress the plebeians, while Servilius sought to aid them through debt relief.

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8
Q

What did Servilius promise when a Volscian threat came to Rome?

A

He promised to fight debt oppression if the plebeians joined the army.

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9
Q

Why did Servilius’ promise not help the secession

A

After the campaign, Appius used his power to imprison debtors, blaming Servilius for bypassing the Senate. Plebeians sought Servilius’ help, but he was powerless without Senate support.

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10
Q

What consequences did Appius (1)’s actions against the plebeians have

A

The consuls, now Verginius and Vetutius, could no longer gather an army; this encouraged Rome’s enemies to attack Rome’s allies

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11
Q

What were the viewpoints in the emergency meeting in the Senate after the consuls could no longer gather an army

A

Titus Larcius: Believed helping the plebeians would end the unrest, and in this way, the consuls could create an army
Appius (1): Told the Senate they should not be bullied by criminals. If plebeian debt was cancelled, they would realise the Senate would give in, and they wouldn’t stop making demands until they controlled Rome.

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12
Q

Who did Appius (1) suggest should be appointed to save Rome? What problem did this cause for Appius?

A

A dictator, Manius Valerius, to crush the rebellion
However, to Appius’ (1) dismay, he appealed to the plebeians

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13
Q

What did Dictator Valerius say he would do for the plebeians

A

Not seek power; put the plebeians’ case to the senate

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14
Q

What effect did Valerius’ promises have on the Roman army?

A

He managed to amass a force 10 legions strong and defeat the Sabine, Aequi and Vosci threat

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15
Q

What did Valerius request on his return to Rome? How did the plebeians see him?

A

On his return, Valerius requested consideration of debt relief, but was refused
The Plebeians hailed him as a hero, but they didn’t make any progress in their fight against debt relief.

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16
Q

Who was Sicinius

A

A soldier who had fought for Valerius in his battles against the Sabines, Aequi and Volsci

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17
Q

What did Sicinius say?

A

He told the army of Valerius they should have a secession, and occupy the sacred mount. He told the army to encourage plebeians to start an uprising

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18
Q

What did Romans do after Sicinius announced the secession?

A

Many citizens fled the city to avoid imminent civil war
Some joined the soldiers on the Sacred Mount

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19
Q

What did the plebeians do on the Sacred Mount after Sicinius’ secession

A

They raided surrounding farms for food

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20
Q

What did the Senate do in response to the FIrst Secession

A

They sent ambassadors to hear the Plebeians’ demands. The Plebeians repeated their request of debt relief and refused to negotiate until these demands were met

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21
Q

Who was Menenius Agrippa

A

The new consul, descended from an honourable plebeian family (although patrician himself)

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22
Q

What did Agrippa do?

A

He managed to convince the plebeians into negotiation

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23
Q

What were the tribunes?

A

Plebeian magistrates who had the power to fight against injustice and inform the Senate about Plebeians problems

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24
What did Coriolanus do?
He argued that the plebeians should starve, for they had caused the famine by not farming
25
What happened to Coriolanus
The tribunes had Coriolanus indicted, and ordered him to be put on trial. Coriolanus ignored this, for he believed tribunes only had the power to help the oppressed and not punish senators.
26
What did Coriolanus eventually do?
Fled to Volsci and encouraged them to wage war upon Rome
27
What did Spurius Cassius do?
Spurius Cassius attempted to use the agrarian laws, created by the tribunes after the plebeians requested land redistribution, as a ploy to establish a tyranny
28
What did Cassius do after acquiring the Hernici's land in 486?
He attempted to split this between the plebeians and the Latins
29
What happened to Cassius?
He was accused by the Senate of wanting to become a dictator by bribing the poor and Latins. The plebeians also became suspicious Cassius was executed (apparently in 485) after attempting to use surplus grain to buy plebeian support
30
Who was Volero Publilius?
A former commander of the army who, in 473 BC, refused to join the army as an ordinary soldier
31
When did Volero Publilius become tribune?
472 BC
32
What did Publilius demand?
A change to the tribune voting system
33
Why did Publilius' demand frighten the senate?
If Volero’s request was accepted, then patricians would have no influence over the election of tribunes, meaning anyone could become one
34
Who did Publilius clash with regarding his demand?
Appius Claudius (2)
35
What happened to Claudius (2)
He was indicted by the tribunes in 470. He refused to accept these charges and died during the trial's suspension
36
What proposal did Quintus Fabius make during his consulship in 467 BCE?
Quintus Fabius proposed that land taken from the Volsci be used to create a new plebeian colony, reducing the demand for land reform and limiting the influence of the tribunes.
37
How did Gaius Terentilius Harsa challenge the power of the consuls?
He demanded a constitutional reform, calling for a written constitution to define and limit the consuls' powers.
38
How did Quintus Fabius respond to Gaius Terentilius Harsa's proposal?
Fabius attacked Terentilius, and although Terentilius presented his ideas to the Senate, and agreed to investigate them, they delayed voting until more information was gathered, effectively allowing them to take no action.
39
What did the tribunes realise about Terentilius' demands?
They realised that Terentilius' demands would never be met, so they agreed to drop them in exchange for allowing plebeians to participate in the selection of lawgivers.
40
What action did the Senate take in response to the tribunes' agreement?
They sent 3 ambassadors to Athens to study Athenian laws, particularly those created by Solon, which were believed to have helped establish Athenian democracy.
41
What was the Decemvirate, and what was its purpose?
The Decemvirate was a body of 10 men, all patricians, created by the Senate to establish a new law code. It replaced both the tribunes and consuls in its role.
42
What role did Appius Claudius Crassus (3) play in the creation of the Twelve Tables?
Appius Claudius Crassus (3) helped create the first Ten Tables of laws and became a hero to the plebeians, though he was actually deceiving them to establish a tyrannical rule.
43
What happened when the Decemvirate published its laws?
The Decemvirate's laws were widely approved, but despite this, Roman historians claim that two additional tables were requested, leading to the formation of a Second Decemvirate to complete the tables.
44
How did the plebeians react to the Decemvirate's work?
They were so relieved by the Decemvirate's work that they did not demand the return of the tribune's position.
45
Why were many senators concerned about Appius Claudius Crassus' (3) popularity?
Many senators were concerned that Appius Claudius Crassus wanted to control the Second Decemvirate and establish a tyrannical rule.
46
How did Appius Claudius Crassus (3) manage to control the Second Decemvirate?
Appius' (3) opponents mistakenly put him in charge of the selection process for the Decemvirate, believing he would not use this power to elect himself. However, Appius elected himself and nine allies, who were called 'The 10 Tarquins' by Livy.
47
How did Appius Claudius Crassus (3) use his power as a Decemvir?
Appius (3) used his power to attack the plebeians, turning his friends' homes into law courts and gradually removing his enemies from power.
48
What did the Decemvirate announce in 449 BCE?
They announced their intention to rule for another year, and while they created two new tables, these laws mainly protected the patrician order, including one law that banned inter-marriage between the two orders.
49
What happened when Rome faced external threats while Appius Claudius Crassus (3) and his followers were in control?
They had lost support. When a Sabine army attacked a Roman colony and the Aequi attacked Algidus, no senators attended the meeting, and plebeians refused to enlist.
50
How did Appius Claudius Crassus (3) force the Senate to take action during the crisis?
Appius used his lictors to force a quorum of senators to attend the meeting, where he told them they could only vote to approve military action.
51
What did Lucius Valerius Potitus and Marcus Horatius Barbatus warn the Decemvirate about?
That they were acting like kings and would meet the same fate as Superbus.
52
How did the Senate respond to the Decemvirate's actions, and what was the outcome of the army?
The majority of the Senate, more fearful of plebeian unrest than the Decemvirate, voted for the army. The army had no morale and suffered many defeats.
53
What led to the downfall of the Second Decemvirate?
The downfall occurred after Appius Claudius Crassus (3) lusted after a plebeian girl, Virginia, and sought to claim her by force, leading to public unrest.
54
How did Appius Claudius Crassus (3) attempt to take Virginia?
Appius (3) claimed Virginia was a runaway slave and had her put on trial. When she demanded to contact her father, Lucius Verginius, Appius agreed but insisted she accompany him home.
55
What happened when Lucius Icilius fought through Appius' lictors?
Icilius fought through the lictors and publicly accused Appius of wanting to rape Virginia. The crowd turned against Appius, forcing him to let Virginia leave, though he ordered her to return the next day.
56
What did Verginius do when Appius (3) declared the next day that Virginia was a slave, and Verginius was a traitor?
He seized a knife, ran to Virginia, and stabbed her to preserve her freedom, cursing Appius with her blood before escaping to Algidus.
57
How did the Senate react when Valerius and Horatius demanded the return of the tribunes and consuls?
They refused to recall the tribunes and consuls. The Decemvirate continued to offer the Senate protection
58
What did Verginius do after stabbing his daughter?
Verginius returned to his camp covered in blood and made a speech, encouraging many soldiers to join a Second Secession on the Aventine Hill.
59
How did Lucius Icilius respond to Verginius' call for a Second Secession?
Icilius followed Verginius' example and encouraged the army fighting the Sabines to join the Second Secession on the Aventine Hill.
60
How did the Senate respond to the Second Secession on the Aventine Hill?
They sent envoys to the Aventine, but the soldiers insisted they would only speak with Valerius and Horatius.
61
How did Valerius and Horatius leverage the soldiers' demand to meet them?
They refused to meet the soldiers until the Decemvirate handed back their power. The Decemvirate refused.
62
What happened after the soldiers were ignored by the Senate?
They took their families to the Sacred Mount, and Rome was described as a ghost town, similar to when Caesar marched on Rome in 49 BC.
63
What was the outcome of the Secession for the Decemvirate?
The Secession forced the Decemvirate to give up. They agreed to disband, provided they were protected from prosecution.
64
What demands did the Secession leaders make when meeting with the Senate?
The leaders demanded the restoration of the tribunes and the indictment of the Decemvirate.
65
How did Valerius and Horatius propose to end the conflict between the orders?
Valerius and Horatius urged caution and suggested not using force against the Decemvirate to end the war between the orders.
66
What was the outcome of the election of the tribunes on the Aventine?
Both Verginius and Icilius were elected. Icilius, however, proposed no revenge against the Decemvirate.
67
What laws did the new consuls, Valerius and Horatius, pass to protect the plebeians?
The Valerio-Horatian Laws, which restored and strengthened the right to appeal, ended the practice of consuls and magistrates creating courts without appeal rights, and restored the inviolability of the tribunes and aediles.
68
What did the tribunes do to Appius Claudius Crassus (3)
Despite their promise not to seek revenge, the tribunes indicted Appius Claudius Crassus (3), who committed suicide knowing he was going to die.
69
What happened to the other members of the Decemvirate?
They either went into exile or committed suicide following the indictment of Appius Claudius Crassus.
70
What significant step did the consuls take before raising armies against the Sabines and Aequi?
Before raising armies, the consuls published the Twelve Tables, which were available to all Roman citizens and provided basic civil rights.
71
What was the limitation of the Twelve Tables regarding equality?
The Twelve Tables provided basic civil rights but did not establish the idea that "everyone was equal before the law."
72
What topics did the first 10 tables cover?
Attendance in court, theft, lending and debtors, family law, inheritance, possession ownership and slavery, criminal acts, property law, public law and treason, and religious law.
73
What was included in the 11th and 12th Tables of the Twelve Tables?
The 11th and 12th Tables, created by the Second Decemvirate, included provisions that protected the patricians.
74
What was the issue with the laws made by the consuls and the Twelve Tables?
The laws and the Twelve Tables were flawed, and not much had changed, as the two orders still distrusted each other.
75
What important change did Gaius Canuleius achieve in 445 BC?
He succeeded in lifting the ban on marriage between patricians and plebeians in 445 BC.
76
What did Livy say about Gaius Canuleius' proposals in 445 BC?
He also argued that plebeians should have the right to stand for consular election in 445 BC.
77
How did the Senate respond to Gaius Canuleius' proposals?
They offered a compromise, allowing plebeians to become military tribunes, thus granting both orders the power to command armies and seek the same glory as victorious consuls.

Ancient History (18 decks)

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