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RPS EOY Flashcards

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1
Q

worldview

A

A person’s way of understanding, experiencing and responding to the world.

It can be described as a philosophy of life or an approach to life. This includes how a person understands the nature of reality and their own place in the world. A person’s worldview is likely to influence and be influenced by their beliefs, values, behaviours, experiences, identities and commitments.
This can be religious or non religious.
It can be largely based on an institutional worldview.
It can change over time.

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2
Q

Moral Philosophy

A

Moral philosophy is the branch of philosophy that asks what is right and wrong (and why).

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3
Q

Immoral

A

Behaviour or actions which are bad or wrong.

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4
Q

Amoral

A

A living thing who lacks a sense of right and wrong; no conscience

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5
Q

Non-moral

A

Something e.g decision not related to ideas of right and wrong;
not decided by using your conscience BUT it can still be important

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6
Q

Moral

A

Several meanings:

1) something e.g. a decision related to ideas of right and wrong (opposite to non-moral)
2) a being with a conscience (opposite to amoral)
3) behaviour or actions which are good or right (opposite to immoral)

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7
Q

Absolute morality

A

The belief that an action is ALWAYS right or ALWAYS wrong REGARDLESS of the circumstances or outcome eg do not kill

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8
Q

Relative morality

A

The belief that an action is right or wrong DEPENDING on the circumstances or consequences eg killing is usually wrong but can be moral IF …

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9
Q

Influences on morality

A

Where does our sense of moral values come from? Are we born with it? Does Gd give us it? Is this the impact of our upbringing and parents? Education? Peers?

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10
Q

Moral Authorities

A

If you are religious then you have clear moral authorities - Gd, an Enlightened Being PLUS scripture/teachings they give. Are there any moral authorities if you are an atheist? THE LAW

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11
Q

Sacred

A

Special(to Gd); holy; set apart from everyday things

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12
Q

Absolute value of life

A

The ABSOLUTE belief that life is ALWAYS infinitely precious regardless of its condition.
Jains believe in this but do NOT believe in the sanctity of life as there is no God in their worldview.

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13
Q

Sanctity of life

A

The ABSOLUTE and RELIGIOUS belief that life is always infinitely precious regardless of its condition. This is because it is a gift from Gd and as such is holy and belongs to Gd; only Gd can decide who lives and who dies.

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14
Q

Quality of life

A

The RELATIVIST belief that the value of a life depends on the individual’s own judgement about it and what (in their world view) makes life worth living or not. This can be a religious OR nonreligious view.

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15
Q

Anthropocentric

A

Human focused approach e.g to moral decision making e.g. Abrahamic religions have an anthropocentric understanding of the sanctity of life as they think that ONLY human life is sacred

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16
Q

Biocentric

A

Living/sentient being approach e.g. to moral decision making e.g. Jains believe in the absolutist biocentric value of life - the lives of all living things of of equal value regardless of their circumstances including what species they are

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17
Q

Self-consciousness

A

Being able to see oneself as a separate entity with a past and future.
Some people think that animals cannot do this and therefore do not deserve the same rights as people.

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18
Q

Autonomy

A

Being able to choose how to live one’s life.
Some people think that animals cannot do this and therefore do not deserve the same rights as people.

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19
Q

Speciesism

A

An unjustifiable prejudice or discrimination against other species;
valuing human life over the lives of other species without good reason.

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20
Q

The Golden Rule

A

You should treat others the way you would like to be treated.

Christians follow this teaching as it was given by Jesus; it is also found in almost all religious worldviews as a valuable moral guideline and secular worldviews such as Humanism.

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21
Q

Humanism

A

A non-religious worldview which involves agnosticism or atheism (no Gd); no afterlife; no divine (godly) source of moral rules.
Suffering is to be expected as there is no good reason to think this world is or should be perfect.

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22
Q

Judaism
RELIGIOUS TEACHINGS

A

‘whoever kills one life kills the world entire, and whoever saves one life saves the world entire.’ paraphrased from the Talmud

A former UK chief rabbi said, “The value of human life is infinite and beyond measure, so that any part of life – even if only an hour or a second – is of precisely the same worth as seventy years of it”.

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23
Q

Christianity
RELIGIOUS TEACHINGS

A

Golden Rule - treat others as you would like to be treated - Jesus

Greatest Commandments
Love Gd with all your heart, soul, strength and mind
Love your neighbour as you love yourself - Jesus

This love is AGAPE - selfless love to all humans.

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24
Q

Islam
RELIGIOUS TEACHINGS

A

‘whoever kills a soul … it is as if he had slain mankind entirely. And whoever saves one - it is as if he had saved mankind entirely.’ Quran

‘It is Allah who gives you life, then gives you death’ Qur’an

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25
Hinduism RELIGIOUS TEACHINGS
Principle of Ahimsa to all living beings ‘By not killing any living being, one becomes fit for salvation’ Manusmriti
26
Jainism RELIGIOUS TEACHINGS
Principle of Ahimsa to all living beings
27
Buddhism RELIGIOUS TEACHINGS
Principle of Ahimsa to all living beings First Moral Precept - Do not kill another living being Show Metta (loving kindness) and Karuna (compassion) to all living beings. NB Saw Parable. The Dalai Lama states: ‘the life of all beings – human, animal, or otherwise – is precious, and all have the same right to happiness’.
28
Sikhism RELIGIOUS TEACHINGS
‘Just as fragrance is in the flower, and reflection is in the mirror, in just the same way, God is within you.’ Guru Granth Sahib The Divine is not the universe but is the Life within it, its driving force, like fire inside wood. ‘From now such is the Will of God: No one shall force another, no one shall take advantage of and use another. Everyone, each individual, has the right to look for and work for happiness and self-fulfilment.’ Guru Granth Sahib ‘The highest religion is to rise to universal brotherhood; and to consider all creatures your equals’ - Guru Nanak. Practice of Sewa - selfless service through which you honour Gd
29
Humanism
Golden Rule because it makes logical sense (and not because it was said by Jesus)
30
Utilitarianism
Principle of Utility
31
Kantian Ethics
Universalisability
32
War
Fighting between two or more groups, usually different nations, to resolve issues between them.
33
Civil War
Fighting between two or more groups within the same country to resolve issues between them.
34
Greed
Selfish desire for something. Often given as an explanation for some wars e.g. for natural resources but this is not considered moral by most people’s standards and would not be a just cause on the just war theory. The Bible says the ‘root of all evil is love of money.’
35
Revenge
Often given as an explanation for some wars but not considered moral by most people’s standards and would not be a just cause on the just war theory. NB Lord’s Prayer, (said to Gd) ‘forgive us our sins (trespasses) as we forgive those who sin (trespass) against us’. This rules out wars based on retaliation and hatred.
36
Self-defence
Acting to prevent harm to yourself or others.
37
Retaliation
Deliberately harming someone as a response to them harming you.
38
Just War
A war which meets accepted criteria for how and why a war is fought and so is considered morally acceptable; there is a Christian Just War theory as well as similar Jewish and Islamic theories. Developed by St Augustine and St Aquinas for Christians, it includes the following criteria that a war ... * has a just cause e.g. restore justice, save lives * just intention - to promote good and overcome evil * is a last resort * can reasonably be won * is started and controlled by legitimate authority * is fought proportionately and innocents such as civilians must be protected (not targeted) * will end - peace and justice will be restored afterwards. Concept also found in Islam, which holds the legitimate authority to be a religious authority and adds the principle that the environment must not be harmed. NB This is not a set of rules that all groups have to agree on - what it does is justify YOUR fight or not.
39
Nuclear weapons
Weapons that work by a nuclear reaction; they devastate huge areas and kill large numbers of people. A weapon of mass destruction (as are some chemical and biological weapons). It is debatable whether the use of these can be considered proportionate as they kill so many BUT can bring about a quick end to a war e.g. dropping nuclear bombs on japan is thought to have saved 1 million (soldiers?) lives. They also are seen to not fit with the Just War Theory as they kill indiscriminately - civilians are not protected. Used in war by Allies/USA against Japan: Little Boy bomb dropped on Hiroshima 6th August 1945 Fat Man bomb dropped on Nagasaki 9th August 1945 Some argue that it is moral to HAVE but NOT USE nuclear weapons using the ideas of Mutually Assured Destruction. What is this?
40
Peace
An absence of conflict which leads to happiness and harmony.
41
Justice
Bringing about that is right and fair, according to the law or making up for a wrong that has been committed.
42
Forgiveness
Showing grace and mercy and pardoning someone for what they have done wrong.
43
Reconciliation
When individuals or groups restore friendly relations after conflict or disagreement.
44
Terrorism
The unlawful use or threat of violence to bring about some political goal by creating an atmosphere of fear and so put pressure on a government; it usually takes the form of targeting civilians.
45
Nelson Mandela
Was accused of encouraging and supporting terrorist activities in South Africa against the Apartheid government. He argued that although the ANC was using violence it was not terrorism. Arguably the ANC’s activities met all the rules of the Just War Theory except for it being started and controlled by the legitimate authority AND the system of Apartheid meant there was no ligitimate authority.
46
Pacifism
An absolutist view that violence is always wrong. What reasons are there to be a pacifist? RELIGIOUS FAITH< NON RELIGIOUS BELIEF IN THE SANCTITY OF LIFE, PRACTICAL BELIEF THAT WAR IS WASTEFUL AND INEFFECTIVE What problems are there if you are a pacifist?
47
Conscientious Objector
Someone who is not a pacifist but is a relativist about war and considers a particular war to be immoral to fight in therefore they do not fight in that particular war (their conscience ‘tells’ them not to fight.)
48
theist
Someone who believes in an all powerful, all loving and all knowing Gd
49
atheist
Someone who does not believe in the existence of Gds or a Gd, especially a theistic Gd (lall powerful, all loving and all knowing Gd)
50
agnostic
Someone without a belief in Gd or disbelief in Gd - they have no belief either way about the existence of Gd
51
omnipotent
All powerful e.g. a Gd that can create the universe from nothing
52
omnibenevolent
All loving e.g. a Gd that loves all people even if they are sinful and disobedient AND a Gd who is all good and all just.
53
omniscient
All knowing e.g. a Gd that knows you even before you are born or your innermost thoughts
54
omnipresent
All present and sustaining e.g. a Gd that is in all places AND keeps the natural process and laws happening
55
Suffering
Something unpleasant or painful
56
Evil
A negative force, possibly a personal being, that willingly brings about suffering; ALSO a cause of suffering
57
Natural suffering
Unpleasant or painful event resulting from natural forces and not free will e.g. earthquake, volcano
58
Moral suffering
Unpleasant or painful event resulting from something with free will e.g. rape, murder, genocide, etc
59
Problem of evil and suffering
The challenge to theists as to how you can believe in an all-powerful and all-loving Gd given the existence of suffering because: * an all powerful being COULD prevent/remove any suffering (capacity) * an all-loving being WOULD prevent/remove any suffering (motive) So, if suffering exists then there cannot be a being who is all-powerful AND all-loving as they would have the capacity and motive to prevent/remove any and all suffering.
60
Theodicy
A theistic response to the existence of suffering - an explanation of why an all-powerful and all-loving Gd has allowed there to be suffering in the world. So, key ways to evaluate a theodicy is to ask: * does it defend Gd’s omnipotence? * does it defend Gd’s omnibenevolence? * does it recognise the reality of suffering?
61
Adam and Eve - Original Sin KEY TO PUNISHMENT and FREE WILL THEODICIES
Gd created the world perfectly - no suffering, no evil and no conflict between species Adam and Eve were allowed to eat anything EXCEPT fruit from the tree of knowledge of good and evil Serpent tempted Eve who tempted Adam - they both ate from the forbidden tree of knowledge (original or first sin) Gd punished them taking their free action seriously: * Adam and Eve banished from Eden * Eve punished with dangers of pregnancy and became mortal (can die) * Adam punished with struggling to feed his family and became mortal (can die) * Perfect world becomes corrupted and damaged - hatred between species PUNISHMENT IS A MATTER OF JUSTICE and SO GOODNESS (OMNIBENEVOLENCE)? PUNISHMENT RESPECTS FREE-WILL (GIFT GRANTED FROM LOVE? OMNIBENEVOLENCE)?
62
Job - THEODICY OF TEST OF FAITH
* Job is a faithful worshipper and good man * Gd points out how good Job is and someone says Job is only good because Job has been given a good life from Gd AND if he had a hard life then he would lose his faith and curse Gd * Gd allows Job to be tested and he loses his family, wealth, health, etc but never loses his commitment to Gd or his goodness i.e. he passes the test * Gd restores everything that Job has lost. SUFFERING IS A MEANS BY WHICH HUMANS ARE TESTED SO THAT ONLY THOSE WHO DESERVE HEAVEN GET HEAVEN (JUSTICE IS A PART OF OMNIBENEVOLENCE)?
63
Irenaeus’ theodicy
* Gd creates humans in the IMAGE of Gd - beings with free-will and with the POTENTIAL to develop virtues and faith * Gd creates natural suffering and tolerates moral suffering as a means of DEVELOPING us from this image into the LIKENESS of Gd - a perfectly moral, faithful being. IF GOD JUST CREATED US IN THIS FINAL FORM THEN THEY WOULD NOT BE GENUINE VIRTUES OR FAITH St Paul says that suffering produces perseverance - the ability to stick with something and endure/stoicism.
64
Free-will theodicy
This is part of Irenaeus and Augustine’s theodicies Freewill is a loving gift from Gd which gives humans the potential develop an infinitely valuable, loving relationship with Gd and/or genuine virtues. The price of this gift is our capacity to cause moral evil. BUT this theodicy says that this price is worth paying as the benefits of free will (genuine virtue and genuine relationship with Gd) are worth it. Afterall, as Hick and Swinburne say, without free will we would be like puppets or robots - our character, actions, and relationships would be meaningless
65
NON-THEISTIC RESPONSES TO SUFFERING - BUDDHISM
FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS: *suffering (Dukkha) is part if life and unavoidable *we suffer because we crave more things and for things not to change which is inevitable (tanha) *It is possible to overcome suffering *to do this you need to follow the eightfold path EIGHTFOLD PATH: Right View Right Intention RIght Speech Right Action Right Livelihood Right Effort Right Concentration Right Mindfulness SAMSARA: cycle of life death and rebirth KARMA: a person's actions: the idea that good actions result in happiness and bad ones in suffering immediately and in this life not just future rebirths THREE POISONS: greed, hatred and ignorance; the main causes of suffering NIRVANA: extinguishing the poisons - peace - no longer trapped in the cycle of samsara MY SUFFERING IS JUST RETRIBUTION OF PAST ACTIONS AS AN OPPORTUNITY FOR ME TO IMPROVE MY SPIRITUAL LIFE AND MOVE CLOSER TO MOKSHA - ESCAPING SAMSARA
66
Theodicies
- The Devil is the cause and to blame for all suffering and evil - evil and suffering is a punishment - suffering / evil is a test - suffering and evil is a consequence of the loving gift of freewill - suffering and evil is necessary for us to fully develop genuine virtues / good character

EOY Revision (7 decks)

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