rwandan genocide

Question 1

when was the rwandan genocide

Answer 1

7 april 1994-mid july 1994

Question 2

death toll in time span rwandan genocide

Answer 2

800 000 killed in 100 days

Question 3

who was targeted in genocide

Answer 3

Tutsi population and moderate Hutus

Question 4

why were the killings personal + brutal

Answer 4

persecuted for ethnicity-unchangable characteristic
machete- weapon of the people

Question 5

what did the acts of rwandan genocide include

Answer 5

torture,sexual violence, murder

Question 6

acts of genocide

Answer 6

causing serious bodily/mental harm
forcibly transferring children from 1 group to another
restricting culture
mass murder
deliberately inflicting conditions of life to bring about physical destruction of group
imposing measures to prevent birth
killing members of a group

Question 7

genocide vs massacre

Answer 7

massacre- mass killings

leads to

genocide- elimination of specific group

Question 8

what things were instrumental in creating conditions for the
genocide

Answer 8

hamitic myth with phrenology
identity cards

Question 9

what made the rwandan genocide so brutal

Answer 9

killings personal + brutal
sexual violence
silence of international community

Question 10

Twa

Answer 10

earliest inhabitants of Rwanda
1% of population
hunter gatherers
lived mostly in forests
retreated into mountain forests w/ arrival of Hutu

Question 11

Hutu

Answer 11

80% of population
migrations begun by 11th CE
confined to cattle farming

Question 12

Tutsi

Answer 12

migratws 14th/15th CE
controlled most of land
served as administrators to Mwami

Question 13

Mwami

Answer 13

Tutsi king

Question 14

Rwandan society in 15th century

Answer 14

small states of both Tutsi and Hutu established

Question 15

Rwandan society in 19th century

Answer 15

more centralised state- expansion of territory + influence
Tutsi led hierarchy led by Mwami
system of client-patron relationship
Hutus use Tutsi cattle in exchange for personal + military system (ubuhake)

no genetic, cultural,linguistic distinctions between ethnic groups

Question 16

client-patron relationship

Answer 16

mutual arrangement between a person that has authority, social status, wealth, or some other personal resource (patron) and another who benefits from their support or influence (client).

Question 17

under german rule

Answer 17

-Berlin conference of 1884 assigned Rwanda,Burundi + Tanzania to Germany

-Germany did not start process of colonisation

-ruled through existing social structure - support Mwami

Gustav Adolf van Götzen - first explorer

Question 18

how did germany lose control of rwanda

Answer 18

Germany defeated in WW1
- control given to Belgium
-Rwanda + Burundi- (Ruanda-Urundi)

Question 19

control under Belgium before UN

Answer 19

Rwanda physically,socially + politically colonised
power of Mwami reduced
Ubuhake modified
eliminated paying of tribute

Question 20

how Belgian mandate changed after UN

Answer 20

kept trusteeship
required to interstate Rwandan into political society
-led to limited political representation of Rwandans in government
1952 Belgium: Ten Year Development Plan

Question 21

aims + reality of Ten Year Development Plan

Answer 21

socio-economic reforms aimed to promote political progress + social stability

granted tutsi minority political ,economic + social domination over Hutu majority

Tutsi given better education ,preferred for civil service posts

created resentment amongst Hutu

Question 22

what is the Hamitic myth

Answer 22

idea that people from north + north-east Africa descendants of biblical Ham, “black caucasians” not Africans.

superior

Question 23

physical characteristics of Tutsi vs Hutu

Answer 23

Tutsi- tall,slender,light skinned, narrow facial features

Hutu- shorter, darker,broader facial features

Question 24

phrenology in Rwanda

Answer 24

used to justify privileging Tutsi over Hutu (light skin + skull) - superior mental and moral attributes
- better suited for political + social leadership- superior in society

Question 25

hamitic myth in Rwanda

Answer 25

Tutsi descendants of Ham therefore superior to Hutu

used to justifying privileging Tutsi
allowed Tutsi to be tools of colonial administration

Question 26

when were identity cards introduced

Answer 26

1935

Question 27

what idea did identity cards enforce

Answer 27

ethnicity is a fixed trait

Question 28

how was your identity decided when your origins were unclear from appearance

Answer 28

take stock of wealth
some wealthy hutus declared as Tutsi

Question 29

how did the purpose of identity cards develop

Answer 29

indicate ethnicity
v
distinguish place in society- type of jobs+education for ethnicity
v
facilitated for identification of Tutsi victims

Question 30

posit

Answer 30

put forward as fact or as a basis for argument
place/put in position

Question 31

trusteeship

Answer 31

custody /rule over

Question 32

exiled

Answer 32

having been expelled and barred from one’s native country, typically for political or punitive reasons.

Question 33

guerilla

Answer 33

type of warfare in which small groups of combatants use
subversive tactics to fight a larger, less mobile army

small independent group taking part in irregular fighting, typically against larger regular forces.

impromptu

Question 34

sporadic

Answer 34

occurring at irregular intervals or only in a few places; scattered or isolated.
occasional