S&F; Harvesting Energy

Question 1

how is energy produced?

Answer 1

hydrolysis of atp to adp + inorganic phosphate

Question 2

what is the atp cycle?

Answer 2

simple molecules (glucose/amino acids/glycerol/fatty acids) -> anabolic reactions from ATP to complex molecules -> complex molecules (glycogen, proteins, triglycerides) -> catabolic reactions = complex molecules -> ATP

Question 3

what type of fuel is needed for atp?

Answer 3

carbohydrates (simple sugars)
proteins (amino acids)
fats (simple fats)

Question 4

what are the two fates for glucose?

Answer 4

into cellular respiration (cellular work)

or into storage for harder times (glycogen)

Question 5

what are the steps to cellular respiration

Answer 5

1. glycolysis
2. pyruvate oxidation
3. krebs cycle
4. electron transport chain.

Question 6

where does cellular respiration occur?

Answer 6

1. cytosol
2. matrix
3. matrix
4. across inner membrane

Question 7

glycolysis

Answer 7

produces 2atpnet + 2nadh
lysis occurs, producing 2 pyruvate molecules

Question 8

pyruvate oxidation

Answer 8

intermediate step
produces no atp
2nadh (1 per pyruvate)
2co2 (1 per pyruvate)

Question 9

which steps require oxygen?

Answer 9

everything except glycolysis

Question 10

citric acid cycle/krebs cycle

Answer 10

2atp
6nadh
2fadh2
4co2

Question 11

features of the citric acid cycle

Answer 11

product of the reaction = substrate for the next.

each step can be part of another process

Question 12

types of phosphorylation

Answer 12

substrate phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 13

substrate phosphorylation

Answer 13

atp generated by direct transfer of a phosphate group to adp

glycolysis + citric. acid cycle

Question 14

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 14

atp generated by oxidation of nadh + fadh2, subsequent transfer of electrons + pumping of protons

Question 15

electron transport chain

Answer 15

1. nadh + fadh2 are oxidized to donate electrons
2. electrons transfer from protein-protein along chain in a series of redox reactions

3.each electron gives up a small amount of energy at each transfer, enabling h+ ions to be pumped into inter membrane space

4. oxygen pulls electrons down the chain, and is reduced to water.

Question 16

chemiosis

Answer 16

hydrogein ions rush down concentration gradiant (atp synthase) —> turbine within atp synthase to turn

rotation of atp synthase turbine = phosphorylation of adp to generate atp (26/28 atp)

Question 17

what is rate limiting for glycolysis?

Answer 17

phosphofructokinase, bc its inhibited by citrate + atp (will work slower)

stimulated by amp (accumulates when atp is being used rapidly)

Question 18

what is insulin?

Answer 18

produced by beta cels of islets of langerhans in pancreas

promotes glucose uptake into cells (for atp production/storage in liver)

Question 19

what is glucagon

Answer 19

produced by alpha cells in islets of langerhans in pancreas

stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to increase blood sugar levels

Question 20

what is diabetes

Answer 20

the ability to produce/respond to the hormone insulin is impaired

results in abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates + elevated levels of glucose in the blood

Question 21

type 1 diabetes

Answer 21

body does not produce insulin, beta cells are destroyed.

often through genetic/environmental factors

usually in children, affects 5-10%.

requires insulin replacement

Question 22

type 2 diabetes

Answer 22

body produces insulin, but receptors are non-functional

most diabetics + adults over 40

linked to other pathologies + obesity