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BIOSCI 107 > S&F; Intro to the Cell > Flashcards

S&F; Intro to the Cell Flashcards

1
Q

what is the cell theory?

A

all living organisms are composed of one or more cells
cell is the basic unit of structure and organisation
all cells arise from pre-existing cells

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2
Q

what are the universal similarites bt cells

A

dna is the heritable material, dna is messenger, and proteins are workers
major cellular organelles
atp as energy source

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3
Q

what are the similarites bt prokaryote cells vs eukaryote cells

A

both have plasma membrane, cytosol, dna, rna, protein and ribosomes

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4
Q

what are the differences bt prokaryote cells vs eukaryote cells

A

eukaryotic cells have membarne boudn organells, and are much larger

prokaryote cells lack a membrane bound nucleus

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5
Q

what does the cytoplasm consist of?

A

everything inside the plasma membrane not including nucleus
nucleus, er (smooth/rough), golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, ribosomes)

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6
Q

cytosol???

A

liquid part of the cytoplasm
water + dissolved substances (ions, atp, proteins lipids)

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7
Q

what is the plasma membrane

A

selectively permeable barrier controlling what enters/exits

double layer of phospholipids w embedded proteins

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8
Q

what are phospholipids made of?

A

hydrophilic polar heads
hydrophobic lipid tails
double layer around cytoplasm, tail to tail

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9
Q

what are the two types of pm proteins?

A

integral and peripheral proteins

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10
Q

what are integral proteins? +example

A

they are embedded partially/fully into the membrane
transmembrane proteins; fully span the entire membrane and contacts both extracellular + cytoplasmic areas

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11
Q

what are peripheral membrane proteins?

A

they are associated with the membrane, but not actually embedded across it

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12
Q

what are the functions of plasma membrane proteins?

A
  1. transport; can be gated/not
  2. enzymatic activity; chemical reaction
  3. signal transduction; external signaling molecule causes communication of information
  4. cell-cell recognition; glycoproteins used as molecular signatures in extracellular
  5. intercellular joining; gap/tight junctions
  6. attachment to cytoskeleton + ecm; fibronectin. facilitates movement.
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13
Q

special definition of membrane

A

a membrane is a mosaic of molecules bobbing in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids. they are cell specific and dyname.

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14
Q

what are the features of the nucleus

A

enclosed by a double lipid bilayer called nuclear envelope
entry and exit through nuclear pores
contains nucleolus; rrna production, and assembly of small + large ribosomes

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15
Q

what are the functions of the nucleus

A

house/protect dna
make rna + assemble ribosomes
pores regulate movement of substances in and out
molecule segregation allows temporal and spatial control of cell function

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16
Q

how is dna made?

A

dna wrapped 2x around 8 histones -> nucleosomes -> chromatin -> chromatin fibres -> loops -> chromosomes

17
Q

what is the function of ribosomes?

A

protein production (translation)
there are two units

18
Q

where are the two places that ribosomes can be found?

A
  1. free in the cytoplasm; making proteins used in cytosol (non endomembrane destinations)
  2. attached to the rer; making non-cytosolic proteins/endomembrane
19
Q

what is the er?

A

endoplasmic reticulum; extensive network of tubes + tubules stretching out from the nuclear membrane

has rer and ser

20
Q

what are the features of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

continuous with nuclear envelope
dotted with attached ribosomes
proteins enter lumen within the rough er for folding
rough er membrane surrounds the protein to form transport vesicles for the golgi

21
Q

what are the major functions of the rer

A

production of..
secreted proteins
membrane proteins
organelle proteins

22
Q

what are the features of the smooth er

A

lacks ribosomes; doesn’t make proteins
extends from the rer

23
Q

what are the major functions of the ser

A

housing unit for proteins/enzymes
synthesizes lipids (steroids + phospholipids)
storage of cell-specific proteins, not all cells make all proteins

24
Q

what is the golgi aparatus made out of?

A

3-20 flattened membranous sacs (cisternae) stacked on top of each otehr

25
Q

functions of the golgi apparatus

A

modifies/sort/packages/transport proteins from rer using enzymes in each cisternae

forms;
secretory vesicles (proteins for exocytosis)
membrane vesicles (pm molecules)
transport vesicles (molecules to lysosome)

26
Q

how does the golgi apparatus work?

A

each sac/cisternae contains different functions of enzymes- causes modifications (such as formaton of glycoproteins, glycolipids, and lipoproteins)

proteins move cis to trans from sac to sac
mature at the cisternae exit
travel to destination.

27
Q

what are the features of lysosomes

A

vesicles formed from golgi membrane
membrane proteins pump h+ to maintain acidic ph
rest of the cell is protected by membrane

28
Q

what are the main functions of lysosomes

A

digestion!! of
substances that enter the cell
cell components (autophagy)
entire cells (autolysis)

29
Q

what is the mitochondria made up of?

A

outer mitocondrial membrane
inner mitochondrial membrae (christae folds)
fluid filled interior cavity (mitochondrial matrix)

30
Q

what is the cytoskeleton?

A

fibres/filaments that help to maintain size, shape and integrity of the cell.
- acts as scaffolding, and involved in transportation + movement

31
Q

what are the three types of fibres in the cytoskeleton?

A

microfilaments
intermediate filaments
microtubules

32
Q

what are the features and functions of microfilaments

A

7mm
comprised of actin molecules

found in the periphery and lining of the interior of the cell

function;
bears tension + weight by anchoring cytoskeleton to plasma membrane proteins

33
Q

what are the featuers and functions of intermediate filaments

A

8-12nm
keratin

found in the cytoplasm

functions;
bears tension + weight, cell anchoring
acts as a scaffold for cellular organelles

34
Q

microtubules

A

25nm
made of tubulin dimers (alpha/beta) coiled to form a tube
extends from centriole into cytoplasm/nucleas

functions; support cell shape + size
guide for movement of organelles
chromosome organisation, cell division
support moevment of cilia and flagella

35
Q

which microfilaments are dynamic?

A

microtubules and microfilaments

BIOSCI 107 (15 decks)

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