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BIOSCI 107 > C&T; Connective Tissue > Flashcards

C&T; Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

what are the features of connective tissues

A

not found on body surfaces + can be highly vascular (except cartilage)

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2
Q

what is the CT composed of?

A

extracellular matrix and cells

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3
Q

what is the connective tissue comprised of?

A

ground substance + protein fibres (which are secreted by the cells in the ECM) structure dictates function.

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4
Q

what is the ground substance composed of?

A

water, proteins, sugars (polysaccharides)
sugars = gags/glycosaminoglycans/mucopolysaccharides
–> amino sugar; n acetylglucosamine
–> uronic sugar; glucuronic acid
–> highly polar and attracts water
gags + core proteins = proteoglycans

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5
Q

types of sulphated gags

A

dermatan sulphate
heparin sulphate
keratan sulphate
chondroitin sulphate

(bind to proteins to form proteoglycans)

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6
Q

non sulphated gags example

A

hyaluronic acid- does not bind directly to protein backbone but joined to various pgs

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7
Q

how do gags (sugars) make up the groudn substance

A

gags trap water because its highly polar, to make the ground substance more jelly-like

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8
Q

what is hyaluronic acid?

A

viscous slippery substance binds cells together, lubricates joints, maintains shape of eyeball

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9
Q

hyaluronidase

A

produced by white blood cells, sperm + bactiera
makes ground substance more liquid so it can move more easily

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10
Q

chondroitin sulphate

A

support and provide adhesive features of cartilage, bone, skin, blood vessels (cbbs)

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11
Q

keratan sulphate

A

found in bone, cartilage, cornea of the eye (bcc)

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12
Q

dermatan sulphate

A

found in skin, tendons, blood vessels, heart valves. (bts heart)

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13
Q

what are the three different types of protein fibres?

A

collagen fibres, reticular fibres, elastic fibres

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14
Q

what are the features of collagen fibres?

A

thick
strong but flexible to resist pulling forces
features vary depending on different tissues
most abundant
common in bones, cartilages, tendons and ligaments
parallel bundles

bltc

**looks like hair

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15
Q

reticular fibres features

A

collagen + coating of glycoprotein
fine bundles
made by fibroblasts, and form part of the basement membrane
provides strength and support.
thinner, branching spreads through tissue,
–> forms networks in vessels and through tissues (adipose, nerve, smooth muscle) (ansm)

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16
Q

elastic fibres features

A

thinner than collagen fibres
fibrous network
elastin surrounded by glycoprotein fibrillin to give more strenth + stabliity
found in lung, blood vessels, skin (lsb)

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17
Q

what are the two common ct cell types?

A

fibroblasts and adipocytes

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18
Q

fibroblasts

A

widely distributed in connective tissues (migratory)
secrete components of the matrix (fibers + ground substance)

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19
Q

adipocytes

A

under skin and around organs
stores fat (triglycerides)

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20
Q

what are the other cells found in solid ct?

A

macrophages (histiocytes)
plasma cells
mast cells
leucocytes

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21
Q

what are macrophages cells

A

phagocytic cells that come in fixed and wandering

fixed; dust cells - lung
kupffer cells - liver
langerhans cells - skin

wandering; sites of infection/inflammation/injury

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22
Q

what are plasma cells

A

be cell lymphocyte produces antibodies

  • many ct sites but especially in gut + lung, salivary glands lymph nodes, spleen, rbc
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23
Q

what are mast cells

A

produce histamines that dilates vessels- so alongside blood vessels

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24
Q

leucocytes cells

A

white blood cells (neutrophils = infection, eosinophils = allergy) migrate from blood in certain conditions

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25
Q

what are the two types of CT?

A

embryonic and mature

26
Q

what are the two types of embryonic connective tissue?

A

mesenchyme and mucous

27
Q

what is mesenchyme ct?

A

consists of mesenchymal cells in a semi fluid gs containing reticular fibers

28
Q

what is mucous CT?

A

widely scattered fibroblasts in jelly like ground substance.
supports umbilical cord of foetus ONLY

29
Q

what are the three different types of mature connective tissues?

A

connective tissue proper, fluid and supporting

30
Q

what are the types of connective tissue proper?

A

loose and dense

31
Q

what are the different types of loose connective tissue?

A

areolar, adipose, reticular

32
Q

areolar loose ct

A

three types of fibres present (collagen, reticular, elastic)
packing material (widely distribute)
strength, elasticity + support

33
Q

adipose loose connective tissue

A

adipocytes dominant
central triglhyceride droplet
found with areolar connective tissue (inc fibroblasts)

white adipose = energy storage, brown adipose = heat production

INSULATION, ENERGY SOURCE, TEMPERATURE CONTROL

34
Q

reticular loose connective tissue

A

reticular fibres
forms stroma of organs, binds smooth muscle tissues
supporting framework of liver, spleen, lymph nodes, rbm, around blood vessels and muscles.

35
Q

what are the different types of dense ct?

A

regular, irregular, elastic

36
Q

regular dense ct

A

tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses
strong attachment between structures shiny white.
mainly collagen fibres regularly arranged in bundles w fibroblasts in rows bt then

damage heal slowly bc follagen fibres are not living.

37
Q

irregular dense ct

A

made up of collagen not arranged in parallel bundles
occurs in sheets (tissue beneath skin + around muscles/other organs)
woven network
provides tensile strength in many directions

38
Q

elastic dense ct

A

predominantly elastic fibres + fibroblasts in between
unstained tissue is yellowish
very strong, and can recoil to original shape after being stretched.

important in lungs (exhaling) and elastic arteries (maintains blood flow)

39
Q

types of supporting ct

A

hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage + fibrocartilage

40
Q

hyaline cartilage ct

A

“glassy” contains resilient gel as ground substance
FLEXIBILITY AND MOVEMENT
nasal septum, ends of long bones
perichondrium

41
Q

fibrocartilage ct

A

chondrocytes among clearly visible thick bundles of collagen fibres within ecm.

support and joins structures together. strength and rigidity make it the strongest type of cartilage.
no perichondrium

42
Q

elastic cartilage ct

A

chondrocytes in threadlike network of elastic fibres within ecm, perichondium present

provides strength and elasticity.

43
Q

what are bones?

A

organs composed of several connective tissue types; including bone tissue

44
Q

what are the two types of bones

A

compact and spongy

45
Q

compact bone

A

outer layer of the bone, and forms the shaft of lone bones
cortical bone
composed of many rod-shaped units known as osteons/haversian systems
stores calcium + phosphorous
protection and support

46
Q

spongy bone

A

porous inner bone tissue that lies underneath compact bone
cancellous bone
lacks osteons
stores yellow marrow and red marrow

47
Q

what are the four cell types found in bone

A

osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

48
Q

osteogenic cells

A

mesenchymal stem cells that develop, starts to lay down collagen become trapped and become osteoblasts

49
Q

osteoblasts

A

lay down more collagen.
bone forming cells + calcium + phosphate
mineralization process sstarts

50
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells; osteoblasts trapped within ecm.
maintains bone tissue
involved in exchange of nutrients + waste. have gap junctions

51
Q

osteoclasts

A

large, multinucleated cells
formed from the fusion of blood monocytes
breaks down bone

52
Q

structure of osteons?

A

lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi, central haversian canal

53
Q

lamellae

A

concentric rings of mineral salts (calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide) which together form hydroxyapatite) + collagen

54
Q

lacunae

A

small spaces bt lamellae that contain mature bone cells (osteocytes)

55
Q

canaliculi

A

minute canals containing ec fluid that radiate from lacunae and provides routes for oxygen nutrients and waste

56
Q

central haversian canal;

A

blood lymph and nerves

57
Q

how to remodel a new bone

A

osteoclasts reabsorb dead bone
cchondroblasts lay down hyaline cartilage callus
osteoblasts lay down new bone
osteoclasts remodel new bone

58
Q

types of liquid connective tissue

A

blood

59
Q

blood

A

blood plasma (liquid ecm) + formed elements (red cells, white cells, platelets)

60
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cell; transport o2 and co2

61
Q

leukocytes (formed element)

A
  • neutrophils + monocytes (macrophages) = phagocytic
  • basophils + mast cells (immature circulate) release substances (histamine) that intensify inflammatory reaction.
  • eosinophils; effective against allergic and parasitic worms
  • lymphocytes; immune response
62
Q

platelets

A

from megakaryocytes
clotting

BIOSCI 107 (15 decks)

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