S. pyogenes - Anaerobic cocci

Question 1

What type of hemolysis is seen with S. pyogenes?

Answer 1

beta-hemolytic

Question 2

Is S. pyogenes catalase positive or negative?

Answer 2

catalase negative

Question 3

What antibiotic is S. pyogenes susceptible to? Resistant to what?

Answer 3

bacitracin; optochin

Question 4

S. pyogenes is the only strep that gives a positive reading in this test

Answer 4

PYR

Question 5

What is the nemonic for diseases caused by s. pyogenes?

Answer 5

Princess Scarlett Impeded Celulitis and Necrotising Toxic Shock by Eating Ripe Garbonzos

Question 6

How does s. progenies spread?

Answer 6

respiratory droplets - crowded environments

Question 7

How many deaths are there per year due to GAS (s. pyogenes) infections

Answer 7

0.25 mil

Question 8

Who is at risk for S. pyogenes?

Answer 8

5-15yr (pharyngitis - strep throat)
2-5 yr (poor hygiene - skin infections)
soft tissue infections and bacteremia - TSS

Question 9

There is a seasonal aspect to s. pyogenes. Describe the risks in summer and winter.

Answer 9

winter: pharyngitis (strep throat)
summer: pyoderma

Question 10

Strep throat can be caused by s. pyogenes. What are complications associated?

Answer 10

peritonsilar and retropharyngeal abscess; rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis

Question 11

This is a disease caused by S. pyognes. It is not too common nowadays. Three toxins spread through the blood and localize in the skin. There is an erythematous sand paper rash on chest and then it spreads to the extremities. There is also a strawberry tongue associated with this disease.

Answer 11

Scarlet Fever

Question 12

S. pyogenes is the #2 cause of this disease. The disease covers the face to the legs in vesicle–>pustules—>ruptures and crusts over. Patients don’t appear ill. It is more common in the summer and in semi tropical climates. It is often seen in kids with poor hygiene.

Answer 12

Strep Impetigo/Pyoderma

Question 13

This disease caused by s. pyogenes involves local inflammation, fever, lymph issues and skin and subcutaneous tissues due to trauma/surgery, or a bite - may not see entry site.

Answer 13

Cellulitis

Question 14

This disease caused by s. pyogenes is similar to cellulitis but less deep. The skin is bright red and there is a malar region of the face and a butterfly rash that starts on one side of the nose and spreads to the other side.

Answer 14

erysipelas

Question 15

This disease caused by s. pyogenes starts out like cellulitis 60% of the time. It can lead to bullous gangrene and systemic signs. It requires extensive debridement and antibiotic therapy.

Answer 15

Necrotizing Fasciitis

Question 16

This disease caused by s. pyogenes is a form of bacteremia. It is seen rarely with the s. pyogenes pharyngitis, occasionally with cellulitis, and always in necrotizing fasciitis

Answer 16

Strep TSS

Question 17

This disease caused by s. pyogenes produces subcutaneous nodules and arthralgia which leads to arthritis. The disease onset is 1-3 wks after infection, usually after pharyngitis. It’s less common in developed nations. The specific GAS of this disease is encapsulated and rich in immunogenic M proteins similar to the heart. Proteins -> cross reactivity -> pancarditis. Prophylactic antibiotics prevent any further attack by GAS (will have anti-SLO and DNaseB)

Answer 17

Acute Rheumatic Fever

Question 18

This disease caused by s. pyogenes follows pharyngitis and skin infections. Prophylactic antibiotics are not recommended. Ag-Ab complex on glomerular base membrane -> capillaries filled with PMNs and monocytes. Acute inflammation, hypertension, hematuria, proteinuria are also symptoms (will have anti-DNaseB)

Answer 18

acute glomerulonephritis

Question 19

S. agalactiae (GBS) is gram (__), catalase (__), and its cocci are in long ___

Answer 19

gram +
catalase -
cocci (long chains)

Question 20

What antibiotic is s. agalactiae resistant to?

Answer 20

bacitracin

Question 21

What test does s. agalactiae give a positive result for?

Answer 21

CAMP test (synergistic hemolysis)

hint: galactiae looks like the word glacier -> Glacier national park -> camping

Question 22

What type of hemolysis does s. agalactiae show?

Answer 22

beta hemolysis

Question 23

Where is s. agalactiae found?

Answer 23

normal flora in gut

Question 24

What kind of disease does s. agalactiae cause in pregnant women?

Answer 24

UTI, endometritis (after delivery), chorioamniotitis (2nd trimester), and postpartum sepsis

Question 25

What kind of disease does s. agalactiae cause in men and non-pregnant women?

Answer 25

usually affects the old or IC - bacteremia, pneumonia, bone and skin/soft tissue infections

Question 26

What kind of disease does s. agalactiae cause in infants?

Answer 26

aspiration of infected amniotic fluid can cause pneumonia/bacteremia/meningitis -> deafness or blindness (early onset: 5% mortality); bacteremia with meningitis ->neurological problems (late onset: high survival rate)

Question 27

S. pneumoniae is gram (__) and ____ shaped

Answer 27

+ ; lancet

Question 28

S. pneumoniae is often capsulated. True or false?

Answer 28

true

Question 29

What type of hemolysis does s. pneumoniae show?

Answer 29

alpha hemolysis

Question 30

What antibiotic is s. pneumoniae susceptible to? It is also susceptible to ___ salt

Answer 30

optochin (p-disk); bile (not in gut)

Question 31

Where does s. pneumoniae colonize? How does it spread?

Answer 31

nasopharynx; spreads by rep drops/fomites

Question 32

Where is s. pneumoniae mostly endogenous?

Answer 32

lungs and blood

Question 33

S. pneumoniae is the #1 cause of what three diseases?

Answer 33

bacterial sinusitis, otitis media, and meningitis

Question 34

This disease caused by s. pneumoniae often follows viral infection. A productive cough, pleural pain, dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia, sweats, and malaise are associated with this disease. PMNs and lancet shaped diplococci are in rusty sputum (blood leaks from capillaries).

Answer 34

pneumonia

Question 35

what do s. pneumoniae colonies look like on blood agar plate?

Answer 35

mucoid looking colonies

Question 36

``` For each virulence factor of s. pneumoniae, give its function: PspA Hyaluronate lyase Neuraminadase capsule proteases pneumolysin ```

Answer 36

PspA: anti complement Hyaluronate lyase: increases tissue permeability Neuraminadase: bacterial adherence capsule: most important factor - pathogenisis, vaccine target Proteases: degrade IgA Pneumolysin: lyses host cell -> edema -> hemorrhage -> bacterial growth and spread into blood

Question 37

This bacteria is bile salt tolerant and grows on MSA but has no color change. It is also optochin resistant and highly antibiotic resistant in general.

Answer 37

Enterococcus

Question 38

What kind of hemolysis does Enterococcus show?

Answer 38

usually non-hemolytic

Question 39

Enterococcus is enteric but can also colonize in the ____ and can be found in the ___

Answer 39

gut; feces

Question 40

This disease caused by enterococcus is described as abdominal swelling and tenderness after trauma or surgery

Answer 40

peritonitis

Question 41

This disease caused by enterococcus is not common but may be acute or chronic. What begins as a nosocomial UTI can lead to bacteremia and furthermore, this disease

Answer 41

endocarditis

Question 42

What does Viridans Strep look like on a blood agar plate and what kind of hemolysis does it show?

Answer 42

green on blood agar; alpha and non-hemolysis

Question 43

This type of strep is P-disk resistant and non-pyogenic.

Answer 43

Viridans Strep

Question 44

Viridans Strep is most prevalent in the ___ cavity but can also be found in ____ and the female ___ tract

Answer 44

oral; URT; genital

Question 45

``` Of the more than 30 species in the Viridans Strep class, most are put into 5 groups. For each of the following groups, give the associated disease: Anginosus Mitis Mutans Salvivarius Bovis Ungrouped ```

Answer 45

Anginosus: abscess in brain, oropharynx or peritoneal cavity Mitis: subacute endocarditis, sepsis in neutropenic patients, pneumonia -> meningitis Mutans: dental caries, bacteremia Salvivarius: bactermia, endocarditis Bovis: bacteremia associated with GI cancer, meningitis Ungrouped: bacteremia, meningitis, TSS -> endocarditis

Question 46

What is the most important virulence factor for Virdians Strep?

Answer 46

glucosyl-transferase (from biofilm on enamel)

Question 47

This bacteria is generally susceptible to penicillin, metronidazole, chloramphenicol. It is found in normal flora of oral cavity, gut, and skin.

Answer 47

Anaerobic cocci

Question 48

``` In regards to anaerobic cocci, for each of the following anatomical locations, give the disease associated with it URT GIT GUT Skin ```

Answer 48

URT: sinusitis and pleuropulmonary infections GIT: intra-abdominal infections GUT: endometritis, pelvic abscesses, and salpingitis Skin: cellulitis and tissue infections