S1_L1: Introduction to Physical Agents Flashcards by MindMed Official

_______ is the process of using information, experience, and judgments to decide which clinical interventions will most likely improve the problems identified in the examination

Clinical Decision-Making

Source: Michlovitz

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TRUE OR FALSE: Therapeutic modalities are also known are physical agents.

True

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TRUE OR FALSE: Physical agents are the mainstay treatment for rehabilitation. It consists of energy and materials applied to patients to assist in rehabilitation.

A. Both statements are true
B. Both statements are false
C. Only the 1st statement is true
D. Only the 2nd statement is true

D. Only the 2nd statement is true

NOTE: it is only used as an adjunct/additional treatment

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The following statements are considered thermal agents, EXCEPT:

A. Hydrotherapy
B. Paraffin wax bath
C. Intermittent pneumatic compression
D. Ultrasound
E. None of the above

C. Intermittent pneumatic compression

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Match the following modality to its corresponding category.

Fluidotherapy
Mechanical Traction
Diathermy
Vapocoolant spray
LASER

A. Thermal Agents
B. Mechanical Agents
C. Electromagnetic Agents
D. A & B
E. B & C

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Determine the kind of physical modality.

Transfer of energy to a patient to increase or decrease tissue temperature

A. Thermal Agents
B. Mechanical Agents
C. Electromagnetic Agents

A. Thermal Agents

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Determine the kind of physical modality.

Apply energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation or an electric current

A. Thermal Agents
B. Mechanical Agents
C. Electromagnetic Agents

C. Electromagnetic Agents

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Determine the kind of physical modality.

Use of mechanical forces to increase or decrease pressure in the body

A. Thermal Agents
B. Mechanical Agents
C. Electromagnetic Agents

B. Mechanical Agents

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This kind of thermal agent only influences outer layers of tissues of body or subcutaneous area. What is it called?

Superficial Heating Modalities

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This kind of thermal agent influence layers such as deep dermis, muscles and joint layer. What is it called?

Deep Heating Modalities

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TRUE OR FALSE: PWB is a deep heating modality.

False

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Enumerate the methods of heat energy transfer.

Conduction
Convection
Evaporation
Conversion

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Determine the method of heat energy transfer described.

Liquid is converted into vapor

A. Conduction
B. Convection
C. Evaporation
D. Conversion

C. Evaporation

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Determine the method of heat energy transfer described.

From relatively warm surface to relatively cool surface

A. Conduction
B. Convection
C. Evaporation
D. Conversion

A. Conduction

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Determine the method of heat energy transfer described.

Directly in contact w/ the body part

A. Conduction
B. Convection
C. Evaporation
D. Conversion

A. Conduction

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Determine the method of heat energy transfer described.

Direct or indirect piezoelectric effect

A. Conduction
B. Convection
C. Evaporation
D. Conversion

D. Conversion

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Determine the method of heat energy transfer described.

Happens in moving fluid particles

A. Conduction
B. Convection
C. Evaporation
D. Conversion

B. Convection

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Determine which physical modality is the example of heat transfer.

Cold whirlpool
Vapocoolant spray
Diathermy

A. Conduction
B. Convection
C. Evaporation
D. Conversion

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Determine which physical modality is the example of heat transfer.

HMP
Cold Packs
Ultrasound

A. Conduction
B. Convection
C. Evaporation
D. Conversion

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TRUE OR FALSE: Tanks may also fall under thermal energy, rather than mechanical energy, depending on the temperature used

True

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Which mode will be selected when thermal and mechanical energy is desired to be used in an ultrasound?

continuous mode

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Cryotherapy or Cooling Modalities transfer heat ______ from the body part

away

NOTE: “Cold” cannot be created, heat is just removed/transferred.

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TRUE OR FALSE: According to Michlovitz, Physical agents use of physical energies such as thermal, mechanical, electromagnetic, or light but fails to include the purpose or intention of their application.

True

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This modality is used to create continuous pressure or shocks on different body parts. It is used to destroy nodules, calcifications, or stimulate muscles. What is this modality?

Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT)

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TRUE OR FALSE: According to Michlovitz, the term therapeutic modalities is used to describe the ability of interventions to provide therapeutic benefits in the patient care management model

True

This therapeutic modality is used to decrease pain, increase range of motion, improve functional ability, increase blood flow, and reduce muscle guarding. It utilizes the presence of distractive force to lessen or reduce compression. What is this modality?

Mechanical Traction

The following are uses of an Intermittent Pneumatic Compression (IPC), EXCEPT: A. prevent, attenuate, or reverse swelling B. alter / minimize formation of scar tissue during the proliferation phase of scarring C. alter / minimize formation of scar tissue during the maturation phase of scarring D. All of the above E. None

E. None

This is the visual representation of energy is transmitted by oscillatory motion

Electromagnetic Wave

TRUE OR FALSE: If an EM wave is moving in free space, it must be more than the velocity of light

False It is EQUAL.

What is the velocity of light?

300,000 km/s

TRUE OR FALSE: Short term exposure to radiowaves are harmful. Prolonged UV rays are harmful. A. Both statements are true B. Both statements are false C. Only the 1st statement is true D. Only the 2nd statement is true

D. Only the 2nd statement is true

Explain why ionizing radiation are harmful.

These radiations remove electrons from atoms that could affect our tissues & could cause teratogenic effect (cancerous effect)

TRUE OR FALSE: A shorter wavelength will have a lower frequency of oscillation

False It is inversely proportional

This modalities uses electrical current to induce muscle contraction, changes in sensation, edema (swelling) reduction and tissue healing. What is it called?

Electrical Stimulation

Enumerate the phases in a tissue's healing process.

1. Inflammatory phase 2. Proliferation phase 3. Maturation/remodeling phase

TRUE OR FALSE: Inflammatory phase lasts for 1-3 days. Proliferation phase starts within 1st 3 days and lasts for ~20 days A. Both statements are true B. Both statements are false C. Only the 1st statement is true D. Only the 2nd statement is true

D. Only the 2nd statement is true NOTE: Inflammatory phase lasts for 1-6 days

TRUE OR FALSE: If there is more deposition, the wound becomes brittle can be easily wounded again. If there is more resorption, scar formation occurs. A. Both statements are true B. Both statements are false C. Only the 1st statement is true D. Only the 2nd statement is true

B. Both statements are false NOTE: Interchange deposition and resorption.

TRUE OR FALSE: Physiologic processes of healing are fueled by enzymes. Collagen fiber orientation must be parallel with each other to be stronger. A. Both statements are true B. Both statements are false C. Only the 1st statement is true D. Only the 2nd statement is true

A. Both statements are true

TRUE OR FALSE: The phases of the tissue healing process overlaps with each other. All phases depends on type and extensivity of injury. A. Both statements are true B. Both statements are false C. Only the 1st statement is true D. Only the 2nd statement is true

A. Both statements are true

TRUE OR FALSE: Reduced circulation happens in the inflammatory phase. Epithelialization happens in the remodeling phase. A. Both statements are true B. Both statements are false C. Only the 1st statement is true D. Only the 2nd statement is true

C. Only the 1st statement is true NOTE: Epithelialization happens in the proliferation phase

Determine which stage would the following goals of treatment would be seen. Control scar tissue formation, Regain or maintain flexibility and strength A. Initial injury B. Chronic inflammation C. Remodeling

C. Remodeling

Determine which stage would the following goals of treatment would be seen. Control pain and increase circulation A. Initial injury B. Chronic inflammation C. Remodeling

B. Chronic inflammation

Determine which stage would the following goals of treatment would be seen. Clean open wound and prevent further injury or bleeding A. Initial injury B. Chronic inflammation C. Remodeling

A. Initial injury

Determine which stage would the following goals of treatment would be seen. Prevent/decrease joint stiffness and progress to proliferation stage A. Initial injury B. Chronic inflammation C. Remodeling

B. Chronic inflammation

Enumerate the 5 Cardinal Signs of Inflammation.

1. Pain/ Dolor 2. Redness/ Rubor 3. Swelling/ Tumor 4. Palor/ Change in color 5. Functional limitation/ Functio laesa

This theory states that pain is modulated by endogenous opioid-like peptides called opiopetins or endorphins. What theory is being described?

Endogenous Opioid System

Match the description to its corresponding pain receptor. 1. Myelinated 2. Unipolar at dorsal root ganglia 3. Dull, throbbing, aching, burning 4. Slow 5. Small A. A-delta fibers B. C fibers C. Both D. Neither

1. A 2. C 3. B 4. B 5. A NOTE: C fibers are the smallest

Match the description to its corresponding pain receptor. 1. 30 m/s 2. Localized 3. Diffusely localized 4. Sharp, stabbing, pricking 5. Unmyelinated A. A-delta fibers B. C fibers

1. A 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. B

How fast is the transmission of action potential of C fibers?

1-4 m/s

Arrange the fibers from FASTEST to SLOWEST in terms of transmission. A. C fibers B. A-beta C. A-delta

BCA

What will be the goal of treatment for spasticity?

Decrease tone

What will be the goal of treatment for flaccidity?

Increase tone

What does cryotherapy transfer?

It transfers HEAT AWAY from the body part

Where are hot moist packs kept?

Hydrocollator tanks

Inverse piezoelectric effect converts what kind of energy to what kind of energy?

Electrical to mechanical energy

What 2 modalities uses the inverse piezoelectric effect?

US and diathermy

What are IPCs used for?

reduce swelling by draining excess fluids from interstitial space to blood vessels, then back to the heart

TRUE OR FALSE: External compression increases hydrostatic pressure

True This is the concept of using IPC.

TRUE OR FALSE: Direct piezoelectric effect converts mechanical energy to electrical energy

True

What physical modality uses pressure as its mechanical agent?

Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT)

What kind of energy does an ultrasound make in pulsed mode?

mechanical energy

TRUE OR FALSE: Based on the concept of Endogenous Opioid System, pain relief takes place immediately and is longer-lasting than the Gate Control Theory.

False Pain relief takes much longer as it is transmitted by the blood.

The following are general contraindications or precautions when using physical modalities, EXCEPT: A. Malignancy B. Impaired mentation C. Impaired sensation D. Pacemaker E. None

E. None

TRUE OR FALSE: A physical modality is contraindicated to be applied on the feet of a pregnant woman.

False. it is only a relative contraindication if applied on the hand

TRUE OR FALSE: If pt is already in terminal stage/palliative care (on his last days), physical agents can be done to relieve some of the pain/discomfort, even if pt presents with tumors.

True

Why are impaired sensation and mentation a relative contraindication or precaution?

There will be NO accurate feedback from the pt

TRUE OR FALSE: Using quick icing on agonistic muscles of a spastic patient will be beneficial. Using prolonged cryotherapy on a hypertonic muscle in a spastic patient will be beneficial. A. Both statements are true B. Both statements are false C. Only the 1st statement is true D. Only the 2nd statement is true

D. Only the 2nd statement is true

TRUE OR FALSE: Quick icing is used on the agonistic muscles of a hypotonic muscle to increase tone. Motor ES is used on the agonistic muscles of a hypotonic muscle to increase tone. A. Both statements are true B. Both statements are false C. Only the 1st statement is true D. Only the 2nd statement is true

A. Both statements are true

TRUE OR FALSE: A functional ES is used to decrease tone. A motor ES is used on the antagonists to relieve fluctuating tone. A. Both statements are true B. Both statements are false C. Only the 1st statement is true D. Only the 2nd statement is true

B. Both statements are false NOTE: Interchange the modality.

Choose the letter/s that may be used as an effective agent based on the PT's goal. Prevent further injury or bleeding A. Cryotherapy B. Hydrotherapy C. Thermotherapy D. Motor ES E. Compression

A & E NOTE: Compression must be static

Choose the letter/s that may be used as an effective agent based on the PT's goal. Clean open wound A. Cryotherapy B. Hydrotherapy C. Thermotherapy D. Motor ES E. Compression

B. Hydrotherapy

Choose the letter/s that may be used as an effective agent based on the PT's goal. Progress to proliferation stage A. Cryotherapy B. Pulsed ultrasound C. Thermotherapy D. ES E. Pulsed Short Wave Diathermy (PSWD)

B, D, E

Choose the letter/s that may be used as an effective agent based on the PT's goal. Regain or maintain flexibility A. Cryotherapy B. Pulsed ultrasound C. Thermotherapy D. ES E. Pulsed Short Wave Diathermy (PSWD)

C. Thermotherapy

Choose the letter/s that may be used as an effective agent based on the PT's goal. Increase circulation A. Compression B. Hydrotherapy C. Thermotherapy D. ES E. Cryotherapy

A, B, C, D NOTE: Hydrotherapy must have pt immerse in water and performing exercises

Choose the letter/s that may be used as an effective agent based on the PT's goal. Control scar tissue formation A. Compression B. Hydrotherapy C. Thermotherapy D. ES E. Cryotherapy

E. Cryotherapy NOTE: PT must use brief ice massage

Choose the letter/s that may be used as an effective agent based on the PT's goal. Prevent/decrease joint stiffness A. Compression B. Hydrotherapy C. Thermotherapy D. ES E. LASER

B, C, D

Choose the letter/s that may be used as an effective agent based on the PT's goal. Control pain A. Compression B. Hydrotherapy C. Thermotherapy D. ES E. LASER

C, D, E

Choose the letter/s that may be used as an effective agent based on the PT's goal. Regain or maintain strength A. Compression B. Hydrotherapy C. Thermotherapy D. ES E. LASER

B, D

This is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that signals actual or potential injury to the body

Pain

TRUE OR FALSE: Pain is a reliable indicator of the location, but not the severity of tissue damage

False It is reliable in both aspects

Based on the Gate Control Theory, treating pain is often directed at stimulating what nerve fibers?

large A-beta fibers

What brain structure do the A-beta fibers control/activate?

substantia gelatinosa/ Lamina 2

This occurs to strike a balance in blood control by creating blood clots.

Hemostasis

In which stage of tissue healing does the process of forming collagen and new blood vessels occur?

Proliferation phase

When a pt presents with spinal radicular pain, what will be the 2 goals of treatment?

decrease nerve root (1) inflammation and (2) compression

The following agents may be used to treat pain caused by malignancy, EXCEPT: A. superficial thermotherapy B. deep thermotherapy C. cryotherapy D. ES E. None

B. deep thermotherapy

What is the BEST agent to be used to treat a spinal radicular type of pain? A. superficial thermotherapy B. deep thermotherapy C. cryotherapy D. compression E. traction

E. traction

These are conditions or factors of a patient that make using a specific modality inadvisable

Contraindications

These are findings, circumstances, or factors presented by a patient that require special consideration

Precautions

The following are effective agents to treat bony blocks: A. Exercise B. Thermotherapy C. Cryotherapy D. ES E. None NOTE: You may choose 1 or more letters

E. None

The following are effective agents to treat increase muscle strength: A. Exercise B. Thermotherapy C. Cryotherapy D. ES E. None NOTE: You may choose 1 or more letters

A & D Water Exercise and Motor ES will be an effective agent for this goal

The following are effective agents to increase tissue extensibility and length: A. Exercise B. Thermotherapy C. Cryotherapy D. ES E. None NOTE: You may choose 1 or more letters

B & C Brief Ice Massage with stretching should be used

The following are effective agents to control pain and promote tissue healing: A. Traction B. Thermotherapy C. Cryotherapy D. ES E. PSWD NOTE: You may choose 1 or more letters

B, C, D, E

The following are effective agents to control pain only: A. Traction B. Thermotherapy C. Cryotherapy D. ES E. PSWD NOTE: You may choose 1 or more letters

A, B, C, D, E (ALL)

TRUE OR FALSE: When a bony block restricts motion, thermotherapy or brief ice massage and stretch may be used as an effective agent.

True

What will be the goal/s of treatment when pt presents with pain only with motion.

1. Control pain 2. Promote tissue healing

A PT has a goal to control her pt's ACUTE pain. What will be the effective agent/s that the PT may use? A. Cryotherapy B. Thermotherapy C. Sensory ES D. Static Traction E. Immobilization

A & C

A PT has a goal to control the INFLAMMATION of her pt's ACUTE pain. What will be the effective agent/s that the PT may use? A. Cryotherapy B. Thermotherapy C. Sensory ES D. Static Traction E. Immobilization

A PT has a goal to control to PREVENT AGGRAVATION of her pt's ACUTE pain. What will be the effective agent/s that the PT may use? A. Cryotherapy B. Thermotherapy C. Sensory ES D. Static Traction E. Immobilization

D, E

A PT has a goal to control her pt's REFERRED pain. What will be the effective agent/s that the PT may use? A. Cryotherapy B. Thermotherapy C. Sensory ES D. Static Traction E. Immobilization

A, B, C

TRUE OR FALSE: In the inflammatory phase of tissue healing, phagocytosis happens before clot formation. This is a preventive measure to protect wounded tissues from foreign objects A. Both statements are true B. Both statements are false C. Only the 1st statement is true D. Only the 2nd statement is true

D. Only the 2nd statement is true

TRUE OR FALSE: Fibroplasia happens in proliferation phase of tissue healing. Wound contracture happens in remodeling phase of tissue healing A. Both statements are true B. Both statements are false C. Only the 1st statement is true D. Only the 2nd statement is true

C. Only the 1st statement is true Both happens in proliferation phase

TRUE OR FALSE: Maturation phase assist in remodeling by altering the balance of collagen deposition and resorption. It starts ~9 days and can last up to 2 years A. Both statements are true B. Both statements are false C. Only the 1st statement is true D. Only the 2nd statement is true

A. Both statements are true

TRUE OR FALSE: In proliferation phase of tissue healing, collagen fibers are still disoriented.

True

TRUE OR FALSE: A-delta and c have narrower diameter than a-beta

True

Primary somatosensory area of brain is found in what lobe?

Parietal

Primary somatosensory area of brain is responsible for what?

receiving and feeling the pain

What structure is also known as the secondary somatosensory area of the brain?

hypothalamus or periaqueductal area

The secondary somatosensory area of the brain is responsible for what?

Interpreting pain resulting to a behavioral feeling

This described a relationship between painful sensory input carried by small myelinated A-delta and unmyelinated C fibers versus larger diameter and myelinated A-beta nerve fibers

Gate Control Theory

When the substantia gelatinosa is activated, about how many % of pain signals will be able to reach the thalamus?

only 20%

______ is the main supportive protein of skin, tendon, bone, cartilage, connective tissue, & hair

Collagen

The extensibility of collagen increases in response to increased ______

temperature

Tissues made out of collagen shorten as a result of (1)_____ and could result to (2)_____ and (3)_____

1. immobilization 2. tightness 3. contractures