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(2) Neuroscience > S1_L3: Early Development of the Nervous System > Flashcards

S1_L3: Early Development of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

The central nervous system begins to form in the (1)___ of embryonic development as the ectoderm forms the neural plate. The neural plate develops into the (2)___, which gives rise to the brain and spinal cord.

A
  1. Third week
  2. Neural tube
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2
Q

The peripheral nervous system is derived from what three sources?

A
  1. Neural crest cells
  2. Neural tube
  3. Mesoderm
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3
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of each source of the PNS

  1. Give rise to peripheral ganglia, Schwann cells, and afferent nerve fibers
  2. Gives rise to the dura mater and to connective tissue investments of peripheral nerve fibers (endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium)
  3. Gives rise to all preganglionic autonomic fibers and all fibers that innervate skeletal muscles

A. Mesoderm
B. Neural crest cells
C. Neural tube

A
  1. B
  2. A
  3. C
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4
Q

The development of the neural tube begins in the (1)___ week and is complete in the (2)___ week

A
  1. Third
  2. Fourth
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5
Q

Failure of closure of the anterior neuropore leads to (1)___, while failure of closure of the posterior neuropore leads to (2)___.

A
  1. Anencephaly
  2. Spina bifida
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6
Q

Layers of the neural tube wall

  1. Contains the developing alar and basal plates
  2. Produces the white matter of the spinal cord through the myelination of growing axons
  3. Monocellular layer of ependymal cells that lines the central canal and future brain ventricles
  4. Contains nerve fibers of neuroblasts of the mantle layer and glial cells

A. Neuroepithelial / Ventricular / Innermost layer
B. Mantle / Intermediate layer
C. Marginal / Outermost layer

A
  1. B
  2. C
  3. A
  4. C
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7
Q

In the development of the neural tube, arrange the following components of the process in order

  1. Neural folds
  2. Neural plate
  3. Neural tube
  4. Neural groove
  5. Neural crest
A

24153

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8
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the cells found in the neural tube wall

  1. Provide guidance for migrating neuroblasts
  2. Form the neurons of the CNS
  3. Produce the myelin of the CNS
  4. Surround blood capillaries with perivascular feet
  5. Form the supporting cells of the CNS

A. Neuroblasts
B. Glioblasts
C. Astroglia (Astrocytes)
D. Radial glial cells
E. Oligodendroglia (Oligodendrocytes)

A
  1. D
  2. A
  3. E
  4. C
  5. B
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9
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the cells found in the neural tube wall

  1. Form the blood—CSF barrier with the arachnoid membrane
  2. Macrophages of the CNS
  3. Line the ventricles and the central canal
  4. Located in the wall of the third ventricle
  5. Transport substances from the CSF to the hypophyseal portal system

A. Ependymocytes
B. Tanycytes
C. Choroid plexus cells
D. Microglia

A
  1. C
  2. D
  3. A
  4. B
  5. B
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10
Q

What is the primary division of the forebrain vesicle?

A

Prosencephalon

Aka forebrain

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11
Q

What is the primary division of the midbrain vesicle?

A

Mesencephalon

Aka midbrain

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12
Q

What is the primary division of the hindbrain vesicle?

A

Rhombencephalon

Aka hindbrain

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13
Q

What is/are the subdivision/s of the forebrain vesicle?

A

Telencephalon & Diencephalon

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14
Q

What is/are the subdivision/s of the midbrain vesicle?

A

Mesencephalon

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15
Q

What is/are the subdivision/s of the hindbrain vesicle?

A

Metencephalon & Myelencephalon

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16
Q

Determine which are the corresponding adult structures of each subdivision

  1. Tectum, tegmentum, crus cerebri
  2. Pons, cerebellum
  3. Thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal body, infundibulum
  4. Medulla oblongata
  5. Cerebral hemisphere, basal ganglia, hippocampus

A. Telencephalon
B. Diencephalon
C. Mesencephalon
D. Metencephalon
E. Myelencephalon

A
  1. C
  2. D
  3. B
  4. E
  5. A
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17
Q

What is the known and most commonly used marker for astrocytes?

A

Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP)

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18
Q

The pons, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata are supplied by cerebrospinal fluid via what cavity?

A

Fourth ventricle

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19
Q

The tectum, tegmentum, and crus cerebri are supplied by cerebrospinal fluid via what cavity?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

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20
Q

The thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal body, and infundibulum are supplied by cerebrospinal fluid via what cavity?

A

Third ventricle

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21
Q

The cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and hippocampus are supplied by cerebrospinal fluid via what cavity?

A

Lateral ventricles

22
Q

Which cell produces the cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Choroid plexus cells

23
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Ependymal cells are ciliated glial cells.

A

True

24
Q

Microglia are derived from?

A

Monocytes

25
Q

Determine the corresponding description of the secondary brain vesicles

  1. Contains rhombic lips on the dorsal surface that give rise to the cerebellum
  2. Lies between the pontine and cervical flexures
  3. Contains the cerebral aqueduct interconnecting the third and fourth ventricles
  4. Contains the caudal half of the fourth ventricle
  5. Contains the rostral half of the fourth ventricle

A. Mesencephalon
B. Metencephalon
C. Myelencephalon

A
  1. B
  2. C
  3. A
  4. C
  5. B
26
Q

Determine the corresponding description of the secondary brain vesicles

  1. Has lateral outpocketings that form the cerebral hemispheres
  2. Consists of the cerebral hemispheres and basal nuclei
  3. Some associated structures are the epithalamus and subthalamus
  4. Receives the optic nerve (CN II)
  5. Has inferior outpocketings that form the olfactory bulbs

A. Telencephalon
B. Diencephalon

A
  1. A
  2. A
  3. B
  4. B
  5. A
27
Q

Determine the corresponding description of the secondary brain vesicles

  1. Here, the lateral ventricles are visible
  2. Located between the interventricular foramina and posterior commissure
  3. Here, the third ventricle, optic chiasm and nerves, infundibulum, and mammillary eminences become visible

A. Telencephalon
B. Diencephalon

A
  1. A
  2. B
  3. B
28
Q

Determine the corresponding description of the secondary brain vesicles

  1. It becomes the medulla oblongata
  2. It is separated from the mesencephalon by the rhombencephalic isthmus
  3. Located between the diencephalon and the pons
  4. It becomes the pons and the cerebellum
  5. Extends from posterior commissure to the frenulum of the superior medullary velum

A. Mesencephalon
B. Metencephalon
C. Myelencephalon

A
  1. C
  2. B
  3. A
  4. B
  5. A
29
Q

What is formed during the primary neurulation?

A

Brain and upper spinal cord

30
Q

What is formed during the secondary neurulation?

A

Sacral and coccygeal segments of the spinal cord, and dorsal and ventral roots

31
Q

When does the formation of the dorsal and ventral roots begin and end?

A

Begin: At day 20
End: At day 42

32
Q

As the anterior neuropore closes in the fourth week, it becomes what structure?

A

Lamina terminalis

33
Q

When does the neural tube start to close?

A

Day 21

34
Q

The notochord is formed from?

A

Axial mesoderm

35
Q

These are localized thickenings of the cephalic surface ectoderm that give rise to cells that migrate into the underlying mesoderm and develop into the sensory receptive organs of the olfactory nerve (CN 1) and the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

A

Placodes

36
Q

It is a thickened pear-shaped region of embryonic ectoderm between the primitive node and the oropharyngeal membrane.

A

Neural plate

37
Q

As the neural plate begins to grow and fold inward, what is formed?

A

Neural groove

38
Q

The neural tube is formed as what structure fuses in the midline beginning near the middle and proceed cranially and caudally?

A

Neural folds

39
Q

What are the sites of neural crest cell differentiation?

A

Edges of the neural folds

40
Q

It lies between the surface ectoderm and the notochord

A

Neural tube

41
Q

What is the part of the CNS that lies within the cranial vault?

A

Encephalon

42
Q

What defines the long axis of the embryo and directs the overlying ectoderm to form the neural plate via induction?

A

Notochord

43
Q

The notochord will later become the?

A

Nucleus pulposus

44
Q

When do the secondary brain vesicles form?

A

5th week after fertilization

45
Q

What is the interface of alar and basal plates in spinal cord formation?

A

Lateral horn

46
Q

Determine the corresponding description of the flexures formed in development of the nervous system

  1. Between the rhombencephalon and the future spinal cord
  2. Between the metencephalon and the myelencephalon
  3. Between the telencephalon and the diencephalon
  4. Between the prosencephalon and the rhombencephalon

A. Cephalic / Mesencephalic flexure
B. Cervical flexure
C. Pontine flexure
D. Telencephalic flexure

A
  1. B
  2. C
  3. D
  4. A
47
Q

Neural tube closure is typically complete within how many days?

A

28 days

48
Q

During development, the embryo differentiates into three layers. Enumerate all 3.

A
  1. Entoderm
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Ectoderm
49
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the 3 layers present in early development of the nervous system

  1. Gives rise to the entire nervous system
  2. Gives rise to the gastrointestinal tract, the lungs, and the liver
  3. Outermost layer formed of columnar epithelium
  4. Gives rise to the muscle, connective tissues, and the vascular system
  5. Innermost layer

A. Entoderm
B. Mesoderm
C. Ectoderm

A
  1. C
  2. A
  3. C
  4. B
  5. A
50
Q

What are the cells in the skin and eyes that produces and contains the pigment melanin?

A

Melanocytes

51
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The neural crest cells will differentiate into the cells of the posterior root ganglia, the sensory ganglia of the cranial nerves, autonomic ganglia, the cells of the suprarenal medulla, and the melanocytes.

A

True

52
Q

Which brain vesicle is associated with the appearance of the optic vesicles?

A

Prosencephalon

(2) Neuroscience (12 decks)

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