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(2) Neuroscience > S2_L1: Spinal Cord > Flashcards

S2_L1: Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

Mark the spinal cord into 2 equal halves

A

Ventral median fissure & dorsal median sulcus

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2
Q

Derived from the caudal part of the neural tube, maintains segmental organization throughout development, and occupies the upper two thirds of the vertebral canal of the vertebral column. It is an elongated nearly cylindrical structure, flattened dorsoventrally, and approximately 1 cm in diameter.

A

Spinal cord

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3
Q

The only segment of the spinal cord where the spinal nerves move above their corresponding vertebrae

A

Cervical segment

Source: Ninja Nerd

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4
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The spinal cord weighs about 30g, comprising 2% of the adult brain weight.

A

True

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5
Q

The spinal cord is continuous with the medulla oblongata at the spinomedullary junction. It is an imaginary plane defined by 3 structures:

A
  1. Foramen magnum
  2. Pyramidal decussation
  3. Emergence of the first cervical nerve ventral rootlets
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6
Q

The spinal cord lies within the subarachnoid space, which can extend further caudally to the level of __

A

S2

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7
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the spinal cord attachments

  1. Pial filament extending from conus medullaris (termination of spinal cord) to end of the dural sac with which it fuses
  2. Two flattened bands of pial tissue that extend off the lateral aspect of the spinal cord as 21 pairs of tooth-shaped extensions
  3. Provide strongest anchorage and fixation of the spinal cord to the vertebral canal

A. Spinal nerve roots
B. Denticulate ligaments
C. Filum terminale

A
  1. C
  2. B
  3. A
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8
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The spinal cord attachments suspend and anchor the spinal cord within the dural sac and arise from the vascular dura mater.

A

False. It should be vascular pia mater

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9
Q

Average length of the spinal cord in males and in females

A

Males: 45 cm
Females: 42 cm

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10
Q

The spinal cord extends / passes through the foramen magnum to the what levels in adults and infants?

A

Adults: lower border of L1
Infants: upper border of L3

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11
Q

The spinal cord has cervical and lumbar enlargements for the nerve supply of the upper and lower extremities. Specify the spinal levels of the enlargements.

A

Cervical enlargement: C5-T1
Lumbar enlargement: L1-S2

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12
Q

What 2 nerves usually have no dorsal (sensory) roots and no corresponding dermatomes?

A
  1. first cervical nerve
  2. coccygeal nerve (“lone runner”)
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13
Q

With the exception of C1, spinal nerves exit the vertebral canal via the ___

A

intervertebral or sacral foramina

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14
Q

The (1)___ passes between atlas and axis, while the (2)___ passes between atlas and the skull

A
  1. Second cervical nerve
  2. First cervical nerve
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15
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the functional components of spinal nerve fibers

  1. Convey motor output from ventral horn motor neurons to skeletal muscles
  2. Convey input from skin, muscle, bone and joints to the CNS
  3. Convey motor output from intermediolateral cell column neurons, via paravertebral or prevertebral ganglia, to glands, smooth muscle, and visceral organs
  4. Convey sensory information from visceral organs to the CNS

A. General Somatic Afferent (GSA) fibers
B. General Visceral Afferent (GVA) fibers
C. General Somatic Efferent (GSE) fibers
D. General Visceral Efferent (GVE) fibers

A
  1. C
  2. A
  3. D
  4. B
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16
Q

Looks like a horse tail and consists of lumbosacral (dorsal and ventral) nerve roots from L2 to Co1 that descend from the spinal cord through the subarachnoid space to exit through their respective intervertebral or sacral foramina

A

Cauda equina

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17
Q

Found only in thoracolumbar segments (T1-L3) and contain myelinated preganglionic sympathetic fibers and myelinated GVA fibers (splanchnic nerves)

A

White communicating rami / White rami communicantes

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18
Q

Contain unmyelinated postganglionic sympathetic fibers and associated with all spinal nerves

A

Gray communicating rami / Gray rami communicantes

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19
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the spinal nerve innervation

  1. Consists of bones and ligaments innervated by the fibers of 1 spinal nerve
  2. Consists of a cutaneous area innervated by the fibers of 1 spinal nerve
  3. Consists of muscles innervated by the fibers of 1 spinal nerve

A. Dermatome
B. Myotome
C. Scleratome

A
  1. C
  2. A
  3. B
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20
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: In the spinal cord, there is increasing gray matter from cervical to coccygeal segments. Thus, gray matter occupies more space in the lower segments.

A

True

Additional: LE muscles have more mass - need more motor supply from the ventral horns of the gray matter

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21
Q

Butterfly or H-shaped in a configuration that varies according to spinal cord level that is located centrally within the spinal cord. It contains a central canal and is made up of the cell body and dendrites of a neuron (unmyelinated).

A

Gray matter

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22
Q

cytoarchitectural areas / divisions of the gray matter of the spinal cord

A

Rexed laminae

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23
Q

Represent functional pathways that convey sensory information from soma or viscera to higher levels of the neuraxis & decussate before reaching the final destination.

A

Ascending Spinal Tracts

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24
Q

In the ascending spinal tracts, the first order neuron is always in the ___

A

dorsal root ganglion

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25
Q

Part of the spinal cord that receives viscerosensory input, is found between the dorsal and ventral horns, and contains preganglionic sympathetic neurons (GVE). Additionally, it contains the intermediolateral nucleus, a visceral afferent nucleus that extends from T1 to L3, and the ciliospinal center of Budge (sympathetic innervation of the eye, T1-T2)

A

Lateral horn of gray matter

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26
Q

Nerve cells (segments C3-C5) that specifically innervate the diaphragm and are collectively referred to as the ___

A

Phrenic nucleus

27
Q

In the upper five or six cervical segments, some of the nerve cells innervate the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles and are referred to as the ___. The axons of these cells form the spinal part of the accessory nerve.

A

Spinal accessory nucleus

28
Q

Group of nerve cells situated at the base of the posterior gray column and extending from the C8 segment caudally to the L3 or L4 segments. Most of the cells are comparatively large and are associated with proprioceptive endings (neuromuscular spindles and tendon spindles).

A

Rexed lamina VII / Nucleus dorsalis of Clarke

29
Q

Group of large nerve cells situated anterior to the substantia gelatinosa throughout the spinal cord. Receives fibers from the posterior white column that are associated with the senses of position and movement, two-point discrimination, and vibration.

A

Rexed lamina III and IV / Nucleus proprius

30
Q

Rexed lamina I is also known as

A

Dorsomarginal nucleus

31
Q

Part of the spinal cord that receives and processes sensory input (somatic and visceral sensations) and is found at all levels.

A

Dorsal horn of gray matter

32
Q

The substantia gelatinosa / rexed lamina II is largely composed of ___ neurons and receives afferent fibers concerned with pain, temperature, and touch from the posterior root. It is situated at the apex of the posterior gray column and also receives input from descending fibers from supraspinal levels.

A

Golgi type II

33
Q

Inferiorly in the conus medullaris, the central canal expands into the ___ and terminates below within the root of the filum terminale.

A

fusiform terminal ventricle

Source: Snell

34
Q

The central canal is situated in the center of the (1)__. It is filled with CSF and is lined with (2)__, the ependyma.

A
  1. gray commissure
  2. ciliated columnar epithelium

Source: Snell

35
Q

Innervate skeletal muscles (extrafusal fibers)

A

alpha efferents

Source: Snell

36
Q

Innervate the intrafusal muscle fibers of neuromuscular spindles

A

gamma efferents

Source: Snell

37
Q

Cortical neurons that give rise to corticobulbar or corticospinal tracts. These are found in brainstem nuclei that influence lower motor neurons and terminate directly on or via interneurons on LMNs.

A

Upper motor neurons

38
Q

Neurons that directly innervate skeletal muscles and are known as the final common pathway. These are found in the ventral horns of spinal cord and in the motor nuclei of cranial nerves III-VII and IX-XII.

A

Lower motor neurons

39
Q

Determine whether the following occurs in the acute or chronic stage following an upper motor neuron lesion

  1. Hypertonia
  2. Extensor toe response (Babinski’s)
  3. Flaccid paralysis, transient spinal shock
  4. Reduction or loss of superficial abdominal and cremasteric reflexes

A. Acute stage
B. Chronic stage

A
  1. B
  2. B
  3. A
  4. B
40
Q

Determine whether the following occurs in the acute or chronic stage following an upper motor neuron lesion

  1. Hypotonia
  2. Spastic paralysis
  3. Clonus
  4. Areflexia

A. Acute stage
B. Chronic stage

A
  1. A
  2. B
  3. B
  4. A
41
Q

Contains pseudounipolar neurons of neural crest origin, transmits sensory input from periphery (GSA & GVA), and is located within the posterior root and within the intervertebral foramen

A

Dorsal root ganglion (Spinal Ganglion)

42
Q

Enters the dorsal lateral sulcus as rootlets and conveys sensory input from the body via dorsal root ganglion

A

Dorsal root

43
Q

Emerges as ventral rootlets from the ventral lateral sulcus and conveys motor output from visceral and somatic motor neurons. It has no ventral root ganglion

A

Ventral root

44
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the spinal nerve rami

  1. Supplies muscles of anterior & lateral trunk, skin of the trunk, upper and lower limbs, and visceral organs
  2. Innervates meninges and vertebral column
  3. Innervates the skin and muscles of the back, neck, vertebra

A. Dorsal primary ramus
B. Ventral primary ramus
C. Meningeal ramus

A
  1. B
  2. C
  3. A
45
Q

Determine the corresponding clinical presentations in upper and lower motor neuron lesions

  1. (+) Pronator drift
  2. Spastic paralysis
  3. Denervation atrophy
  4. Increase alpha & gamma motor neuron activity
  5. Hyporeflexia

A. Upper motor neuron lesion
B. Lower motor neuron lesion

A
  1. A
  2. A
  3. B
  4. A
  5. B
46
Q

Determine the corresponding clinical presentations in upper and lower motor neuron lesions

  1. Flaccid paralysis
  2. (+) Hoffman’s sign
  3. (+) fasciculations & fibrillations
  4. Hypotonia
  5. Minimal decrease in muscle mass

A. Upper motor neuron lesion
B. Lower motor neuron lesion

A
  1. B
  2. A
  3. B
  4. B
  5. A
47
Q

Determine the corresponding clinical presentations in upper and lower motor neuron lesions

  1. Hyperreflexia
  2. Disuse atrophy, damage of corticospinal fibers
  3. (+) Babinski sign
  4. Damage to alpha and gamma motor neurons
  5. Decrease in muscle proteins, protein synthesis

A. Upper motor neuron lesion
B. Lower motor neuron lesion

A
  1. A
  2. A
  3. A
  4. B
  5. B
48
Q

Fasciculations that are expressed on an EMG (electromyogram)

A

Fibrillations

49
Q

Involuntary pathological muscle contraction and muscle twitches associated with a decrease of ACh.

A

Fasciculations

50
Q

What special test is performed by flicking the end of the middle finger? If the test is positive, the thumb and index finger will come together.

A

Hoffman’s Sign

51
Q

What special test is described that when positive, the arm drift downwards and pronates simultaneously?

A

Pronator drift

52
Q

What special test is described that when positive, the big toe points up and the other toes fan out, known as the extensor toe response? This positive test can also be seen in babies <1 y/o as upper motor neurons are not yet heavily myelinated and that developed.

A

Babinski sign / reflex

53
Q

The lateral corticospinal tract receives input from the ___, a medial continuation of the motor and sensory cortices, and subserves the muscles of the contralateral leg and foot

A

paracentral lobule

54
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Transection of the lateral corticospinal tract results in spastic hemiparesis with Babinski’s sign

A

True

55
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the ascending spinal tracts

  1. Receives information from free nerve endings and thermal receptors
  2. Its second order neurons give rise to axons, internal arcuate fibers, that decussate and form a compact fiber bundle, the medial lemniscus
  3. Second order neurons are the nuclei gracilis & cuneatus of the caudal medulla
  4. Uncrossed cerebellar ascending tract
  5. Pathways are fasciculi gracilis & cuneatus, medial lemniscus
  6. It terminates contralaterally in the ventroposterolateral nucleus of the thalamus and bilaterally in the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus

A. Anterior spinothalamic tract
B. Lateral spinothalamic tract
C. Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus Pathway
D. Dorsal spinocerebellar tract
E. Ventral spinocerebellar tract
F. Cuneocerebellar tract

A
  1. B
  2. D
  3. C
  4. D
  5. C
  6. B
56
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the descending spinal tracts

  1. Plays a role in control of extensor tone
  2. Innervate the ciliospinal center (T1-T2) & interruption of this hypothalamospinal tract results in Horner’s syndrome
  3. Arises from Lamina V of the cerebral cortex from three cortical areas, in equal proportions: the premotor cortex (area 6); precentral motor cortex (area 4), and the postcentral sensory cortex (areas 3,1,2)
  4. Plays a role in control of flexor tone
  5. Arises in the ipsilateral lateral vestibular nucleus, from giant cells of Deiters

A. Lateral corticospinal tract
B. Rubrospinal tract
C. Vestibulospinal tract
D. Descending autonomic tract

A
  1. C
  2. D
  3. A
  4. B
  5. C
57
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the ascending spinal tracts

  1. Second order neurons are spinal border cells found in the ventral horns (L1-S2)
  2. Second order neurons give rise to axons that decussate in the ventral white commissure and ascend in the contralateral ventral funiculus
  3. First order neurons are found in the dorsal root ganglia from C2-T7
  4. Mediates pain & temperature
  5. Receives information from Meissner corpuscles, pacinian corpuscles, muscle spindles, tendon organs
  6. Second order neurons found in nucleus dorsalis of Clarke (C8-L3)

A. Anterior spinothalamic tract
B. Lateral spinothalamic tract
C. Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus Pathway
D. Dorsal spinocerebellar tract
E. Ventral spinocerebellar tract
F. Cuneocerebellar tract

A
  1. E
  2. A
  3. F
  4. B
  5. C
  6. D
58
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the ascending spinal tracts

  1. Receives information from free nerve endings and Merkel’s tactile discs
  2. Upper extremity equivalent of dorsal spinocerebellar tract
  3. Somatotopically organized with sacral fibers dorsolaterally and cervical fibers ventromedially
  4. Crossed cerebellar afferent tract
  5. First order neurons found in dorsal root ganglia from C8 to S3
  6. Mediates light touch & pressure

A. Anterior spinothalamic tract
B. Lateral spinothalamic tract
C. Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus Pathway
D. Dorsal spinocerebellar tract
E. Ventral spinocerebellar tract
F. Cuneocerebellar tract

A
  1. A
  2. F
  3. B
  4. E
  5. D
  6. A
59
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the ascending spinal tracts

  1. First order neurons found in the dorsal root ganglia from L1 to S2
  2. Mediates tactile discrimination, vibration, form recognition, and joint and muscle sensation, and conscious proprioception
  3. Receives input from A-delta and slow C fibers
  4. Second order neuron is located in the accessory cuneate nucleus
  5. Involved in fine coordination of posture and the movement of individual muscles in the lower extremity

A. Anterior spinothalamic tract
B. Lateral spinothalamic tract
C. Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus Pathway
D. Dorsal spinocerebellar tract
E. Ventral spinocerebellar tract
F. Cuneocerebellar tract

A
  1. E
  2. C
  3. B
  4. F
  5. D
60
Q

A monosynaptic and ipsilateral muscle stretch reflex
where communication occurs at the spinal cord level. It has an afferent limb (muscle spindle and a dorsal root ganglion neuron and its Ia fiber) and efferent limb (ventral horn motor neuron that innervates striated muscle).

A

Myotatic reflex

61
Q

Interruption of either limb in the myotatic reflex results in ___

A

areflexia

62
Q

The white matter decreases from the cervical to coccygeal segments and the white color of the white matter is due to the high proportion of ___ nerve fibers.

A

myelinated

63
Q

In the dorsal funiculus of the white matter, its medial portion contains the (1)___ and lateral portion contains the (2)___.

A
  1. Fasciculus gracilis
  2. Fasciculus cuneatus
64
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the regions of the spinal cord

  1. Substantia gelatinosa, nucleus proprius, and visceral afferent nucleus present
  2. Absent lateral gray column
  3. Substantia gelatinosa, nucleus proprius, nucleus dorsalis, and visceral afferent nucleus present
  4. Medial group of cells in the anterior gray column for lower limb and perineal muscles

A. Cervical
B. Thoracic
C. Lumbar
D. Sacral

A
  1. B
  2. A
  3. C
  4. D

(2) Neuroscience (12 decks)

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