S2 L3 - Memory- processes and systems Flashcards
(44 cards)
Co-articulation is a challenging ambiguity of speech at which level?
The phoneme level
Co-articulation - the place of articulation
(the articulatory apparatus pushing air through our mouths and closures at diff points)
2 sounds/phonemes sharing the place of articulation can overlap and change the way phonemes sound depending on the phoneme that comes before and after - then leads to confusion at the speech stream level
What are the three primary processes of memory?
Encoding, storing, retrieval
What is Memory?
Faculty by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved when needed
What is encoding?
We encode stimuli into memory - info enters memory system or slips away
stimuli involve - sights, sound, smell
What is storage in memory?
Representations or information is preserved for recollection in the future or is forgotten
What is retrieval?
When we want to use memories we activate and retrieve the memories - info is recollected or “sits” on the tip of your tongue
withdraw from a massive store of memory bank
retrieve - events, facts, skills
Anterograde amnesia - inability to consolidate new memories
Retrograde amnesia - inability to remember all the memories
How can we categorise memories?
By time - a year ago etc (Modal Model of memory - Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968)
By content - events, facts skills
What is the Modal Model of Memory by Atkinson and Shiffrin?
We have different modules of storage depending on how long or recent the memory is
sight, smell, touch taste = input stimuli
input stimuli processes into our sensory memory - a moment
If we process something to the point where we want to encode the info we can put it into short term memory (under the modal model of memory) - few seconds
then can go to long term memory - permanent but not perfect
What is sensory memory?
Modality-specific storage of input from the senses
types of sensory memory - iconic and echoic memory
What is Iconic memory?
Visual impressions - 250-500milliseconds for iconic memory
sensory info that ure taking - its modality specific ( specific modality of stimuli)
so if it is visual info - its stored in visual iconic memory
What is Echoic memory?
Auditory representations and impressions
Input from the senses being stored on a modality specific basis
Duration - (debated) - a few seconds
Other sensory storage include
Haptic (touch)
Taste
Smell
memories ^^ but less prominently researched
What did Sperling (1960) test?
Capacity for sensory memory
Ps attempted to recall all letters in the array
on average , ps recalled only the first 4-5 letters
there was a whole report and a partial report
all the letters are stored in the sensory memory
sensory memory capacity = large
partial report = ps had to report complete rows even for large arrays -
can only recall a select few of items tho
so we have to apply attention to sensory information in order to retain it - short term memory
What is Short term memory?
Attention to info move from sensory memory to STM
STM duration = 30-60 seconds
Capacity = 5-9 info
Memory is boosted by active rehearsal and chunking
What did Miller find? (Miller’s magical number 7 1956)
On average ps get 7 +/- 2 items correct
In a serial recall task
What is Long Term Memory?
Info transferred from STM - LTM
Info retrieved from LTM to STM
Duration - Unlimited
Capacity - Unlimited
(but still not perfect for both)
What can long-term memory be separated into?
Declarative memory (explicit)
Non-declarative memory (implicit)
What is Declarative memory?
Explicit - as you need to declare it consciously - ure aware of the memories
Episodic LTM - Events/episodes from life u remember - includes contextual info such as when and where they occurred
eg last vacation, what u had for dinner yesterday
Semantic LTM - Facts ab the world - eg paris is the capital of france - the meaning of the word car
What is non-declarative memory?
Implicit - memories are difficult to bring into awareness and express (unconscious)
Procedural LTM - Skills u do - eg piano playing, riding a bike, muscle memory
OTHER - CONDITIONING, PRIMING (having a fear of a phobia)
What do memory processes involve?
Encoding, storage and retrieval
What do memory systems involve?
Taxonomies categorising memories
What does working memory do w memory processes and memory systems?
Combine both views
What is Working Memory? (WM)
The storage and manipulation, and processing of information
A storage space where there is active rehearsal and chunking
Current thoughts
Retrieve info from LTM and transfers info TO LTM
Maintain info while being distracted
Making info in LTM accessible for processing
Combining information in novel ways
Working memory is an active store and system used to process and manipulate data
