S2 L6 - Health Inequalities

Question 1

What is the definition of health?

Answer 1

A state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

Question 2

What is the biopsychosocial model of health?

Answer 2

a holistic model of health which brings together three areas that contribute to health:

1. BIOmedical - eg genetics, viruses, bacteria, physical impairments
2. psychological - eg beliefs, behaviour, coping skills, stress
3. SOCIAL - social status, ethnicity, friendship group, family background

it recognises that all of these elements interact and impact on our health, so that the person and the context in which they live their life is taken into account as well as the influence of biology.

Question 3

what interactions give rise to health inequalities?

Answer 3

biology and our social context
psychological factors

Question 4

what are social determinants of health?

Answer 4

circumstances in which people are born, grow up, live, work and age, and the systems put in place with illness.
these circumstances are in turn shaped by a wider set of forces: economics, social policies, and politics

eg
income
education

Question 5

What is Equality?

Answer 5

Everyone gets the same resources

Question 6

What is Equity?

Answer 6

Everyone gets the same outcomes, with resources distributed according to need

Question 7

What are Equal outcomes?

Answer 7

Equal Outcomes - through the removal of structural barriers

Question 8

What is HPV?

Answer 8

Human papillomavirus
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTION STI STI STI
More than 200 types
6 and 11- low risk types cause more than 90% genital warts
16 and 18 - high risk types cause 70% of cervical cancer but other cancers as well

80% of sexually active individuals will come into contact w HPV
- condoms
-immune response

Question 9

How does HPV affect health?

Answer 9

Genital warts (10% lifetime risk for males and females)
HPV implicated in 5% of all cancers
- cancer of - anus, tonsil, base of the tongue, penis, and head and neck

INCIDENCE OF HEAD AND NECK CANCERS IN EUROOPE attributable to HPV16/18 is five-fold higher in men (12707 new cases yearly) than women (2531 new cases yearly) and is increasing

90% of anal cancers
age 50+ more women than men
age 20-49 more men than women
highest in men who have sex w men (incidence = cervical cancer unscreened population)
even higher in men living w HIV who have sex w men

and cervical cancer

Question 10

In women globally, cervical cancer is the what most common cancer number wise?

Answer 10

fourth

in 2022, 66000 women were diagnosed with cervical cancer worldwide and about 35000 women died from the disease

Question 11

Which country has the 7th highest rate of cervical cancer worldwide?

Answer 11

Uganda
30 cases per 100000 compared to 24.3 in Eastern Africa and 15.6 globally
6th highest cervical cancer morality rate
Cervical cancer is the most common cancer in women aged 15-44 years
6959 diagnoses and 4607 deaths each year