SA Chapter 3.1: Students, Black Conciousness, Soweto Uprising Flashcards
(6 cards)
AFRICAN EDUCATION IN 60s:
What did nationalists recognise about the flaws of Bantu education?
Act/ date regarding universities…Impact? Flaws of segregated unis?
Foreign inspiration for students?
/Not enough white workers for economic development, homelands needed self government for independence.
/1959 Extension of University Education Act (Fort Hare under gov control, more apartheid in unis. More Africans in Turfloop (melting pot) Segregated universities made students more politicised/radical.
/USA; MLK and CRM, RFK visit in 1966 gave speeches.
STEVE BIKO AND SASO:
When was SASO founded, which university and with who as president?
What did SASO+Biko call their new views/movement? What did this term mean?
/July 1969 in Turfloop, Steve Biko
/Black conciousness: blacks should lead themselves.
BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS:
Significance of Bantu and ‘non-white’ (translate)… what did they define themselves as instead?
When was the Black Consciousness movement launched? Demographic?
What happened at Turfloop in 197_? What organisation was Tiro part of?
What happened by 1973 for SASO? What of Tiro and Biko? Under which act was SASO 9 trial?
Positive impact of the trial?
/‘Nie-blanke’ was used in language/ facilities. Self defined as blacks instead.
/1972. Mainly youths/students
/Student president made graduation speech influenced by black conciousness. Expelled by Afrikaners and started teaching. Influenced students as a SASO representative.
/Gov deemed SASO dangerous. Tiro dismissed as teacher, Biko+co arrested. Terrorism Act.
/SASO wasn’t an illegal organisation, so media could access and interview.
MOBILISATION OF SCHOOL CHILDREN:
1950 to 1975 number of Africans in schools, class sizes. Impact of this growth?
Students were fighting two battles: against who?
/1M, 3.5m. Often 60+. Put pressure on resources (staff/infrastructure). Youths receptive to black consciousness.
/Government and gangs.
SOWETO + SIGNIFICANCE:
Cause of SOWETO uprising? English vs Afrikaner language?
When was the uprising, what happened?
Death toll?
Who took the role of organising funerals? Significance?
What year did local administration try to raise rents? African response?
How many fled between 1976-77? Where did many go? Where were leaders imprisoned?
/Gov decided in 1974 to expand Afrikaans language teaching like maths. Afrikaans= oppressor, English= CRM.
/16 June 1976, around 10-20k pupils from many schools marched peacefully. Met with police violence, who opened fire.
/575 deaths during and after- most violent state repression since Sharpeville (1960.)
/Winnie Mandela, funerals became politicised occasions.
/1977- Soweto Student Council organised mass protests, burning down Bantu Council offices… rent rise postponed.
/4000… many recruited into MK with fighting mentality. Leaders chucked on Robben Island.
IMPACT OF STEVE BIKO’S DEATH:
When was Biko banned? Made to live where/ what did he do?
When did Biko leave village-arrest??? What happened to him?
What did police claim about his death? How many at funeral?
Who was his newspaper editor bredrin? What did he do?
/1973 when gov deemed SASO dangerous. Made to live rurally… wrote on black conciousness.
/1977… arrested, interrogated and severely beaten. Died after being rushed to a faraway hospital.
/‘Hunger strike’ to coverup police brutality. 10,000 at funeral, huge show of foreign support.
/Donald Woods: supported his writing, and later provided evidence against his ‘suicide.’
