SAC 2 Revision Unit 3 Flashcards
(20 cards)
Describe the ‘old public health’
Old public health was government actions that focused on changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of diseases. It provided the understanding that disease was caused by bacteria and viruses that bred in filthy and unhygienic living conditions.
2-3 reasons why old public health was introduced
-poor living conditions contributed to spread of infectious + parasitic diseases
-high mortality rates caused by infectious and parasitic diseases
-(whooping cough, measles, diphtheria, diarrhoea).
biomedical approach to health
The biomedical approach focuses on the physical or biological aspects of diseases and illness, as well as the services provided by doctors, specialists and hospital for individuals. It involves diagnosing the disease/illness and then treating the illness. It works and aims to return a person to a pre-illness state.
advancements in medical technology
-antibiotics -vaccines -anaesthesia
-medical imaging -prosthetic limbs
Have allowed us to better diagnose, treat and care many diseases – contributed to increase in LE over time. Leads to significant improvements in treating infections, preventing disease, and enabling surgical procedures.
Quit builds health public policy
By providing advice and information to the state government, so that the government can introduce policies and laws (smoking/vaping in public, advertising, banning of disposable vapes..)
Quit creates a supportive environment
Through it’s Quitline where it provides a supportive environment that is staffed by highly trained specialists. (Aboriginal Quitline via telephone to support ATSI to quit smoking)
Quit strengthens community action
By working with communities + various population groups to provide education + support for quitting smoking/vaping.
Quit develops personal skills
By providing information regarding the harms associated with smoking + the benefits associated with not smoking + vaping. (public education + mass media ads)
Quit re-orients health services
By providing free online learning training programs for health professionals that assists in the change from the biomedical approach to the preventative approach.
ADG 2 - assists in reducing dietary risks
Enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from the following five groups every day and drink plenty of water.
- fibre: maintain digestive system health, reduces bowel cancer, feeling of fullness, reduces overeating + weight gain
- antioxidants: reduce impact of free radicals. reduce risk of CVD and cancer
- Grains(fibre): low in fat, high in CHO, decreases risk of obesity, colorectal and other cancers, CVD, T2D.
- Protein: maintain healthy cells, tissue and systems for optimal functioning of many body processes such as immune and cardiovascular function.
- Polyunsaturated + monounsaturated fats: decreasing the risk of CVD by lowering levels of low-density lipoprotein (bad cholesterol).
- Calcium: supports bone health, reducing risk of osteoporosis. Reduces risk of CVD and some cancers.
- Water: important for digestion, waste removal, chemical reactions. Well functioning body systems, reduces risk of weight gain, CVD, some cancers and associated conditions, T2D, dental decay(has zero sugar).
ADG 3 - assists in reducing dietary risks
Limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added sugar, added salt and alcohol.
- Low intake of foods containing saturated fats: decrease risk of obesity, T2D, colorectal cancer
- low intake of foods + drinks with added salt: decreases risk of heart disease, hypertension, CVD, osteoporosis, elevate blood pressure, stroke, some cancers.
- low intake of foods + drinks with added sugar: decrease risk of insulin resistance, T2D, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, overweight and obesity, dental caries, dental disease.
- Lower intake of alcohol: reduce risk of overweight and obesity, cancer, liver disease, prenatal infant health outcomes.
ATSI G2HE
-improves health outcomes of ATSI ppl
The ATSI G2HE is a culturally appropriate visual food selection guide designed specifically to support the nutritional health of ATSI peoples. It reflects traditional food knowledge, cultural practices, and a holistic view of health that connects land, culture, family, and community with wellbeing.
- encourages healthy eating patterns to reduce intake of processed foods high in sugar, salt, and fat.
-decreases risk of T2D, CVD, obesity among ATSI communities
- improves physical H+WB
- reducing morbidity + mortality rates and improves LE
- strengthens cultural identity and pride through incorporating traditional foods and practices- improving emotional H+WB.
Evaluation of the ATSI G2HE
-considerations
> sustainable: promotes traditional bush foods like kangaroo, fish, yams, native fruits – locally sourced, environmentally friendly.
ease of understanding: the guide uses simple, visual representations of food groups on a pie chart, easy for people of all literacy levels to interpret.
accessible: freely available as print or digital resource, can be distributed anywhere. Designed to be used in urban, rural, remote ATSI communities.
Inclusive: reflects both traditional and modern food choices, acknowledging the realities of modern diets, still respects cultural heritage.
Relevance: specifically created for ATSI peoples, making it culturally appropriate and meaningful.
Effectiveness: Encourages positive dietary changes that can reduce chronic disease rates (like diabetes, obesity, heart disease) in ATSI populations.
Evaluation of the ATSI G2HE
- strengths of the ATSI G2HE
Strengths:
- applies to people of all ages, which means parents can use them to guide the food intake of themselves and their children without having to refer to separate models.
- provide a visual representation of ADG 2 & 3, this can make it easier to understand and follow.
- based on latest scientific research, which can assist in their effectiveness in addressing significant health outcomes in Australia and among ATSI people including obesity.
- a range of foods are included from different cultures + ATSI traditions. Assists diff groups in improving their food intake.
Evaluation of the ATSI G2HE
-limitations of the ATSI G2HE
Limitations:
- shows the proportions in which the five food groups should be consumed but do not provide information on serving sizes or numbers, which may mean that people consume too much or not enough food overall.
- do not make provisions for composite foods such as pizza or a casserole, which can make them difficult to follow.
- do not provide specific advice for people with dietary conditions or needs, which reduces the number of people who can benefit from them.
Challenges in bringing about nutritional change for ATSI people: sociocultural factors
socioeconomic status: many ATSI individuals and families experience lower income levels, making healthy foods less affordable compared to processed or fast foods. This limits their ability to consistently make nutritious choices.
family and peer group: family and cultural traditions strongly influence eating habits. While traditional foods are healthy, modern diets high in sugar and fat may be normalised in some communities. Peer influence can also affect whether young people adopt healthier eating patterns.
Challenges in bringing about nutritional change for ATSI people: commercial factors
Supply chains: in remote areas, food supply is often limited. Fresh produce may be rare or poor in quality due to long transport times, reducing the appeal and accessibility of healthy options.
distribution and affordability: healthy foods are often more expensive in rural and remote communities because of high transport costs. This leads to a reliance on cheaper, processed foods with lower nutritional value.
Challenges in bringing about nutritional change for ATSI people: environmental factors
Geographical location: many ATSI people live in rural or remote regions, where access to supermarkets or fresh food markets is limited. This geographical isolation can also mean fewer nutrition education services.
Workplaces: in some communities, limited employment opportunities and workplace support for healthy eating (like availability of healthy meals or breaks for food preparation) reduce the chance to make positive dietary choices during the workday.
Considerations to evaluate initiatives capacity to improve ATSI H+WB
Actual improvements to H+WB:
Effective initiatives use research and data to show improvements in health outcomes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples. This evidence highlights the real impact the program has had.
Number of participants taking part:
Tracking the number of people involved helps measure engagement. An increase over time or long-term involvement shows that the initiative is connecting with its target group and achieving its goals.
Participant Feedback:
Participants often share their personal experiences, which can reflect how well the program is improving health knowledge, behaviours, and overall wellbeing in the community.
Ottowa Charter action areas:
- DPS: Programs that educate participants help them build personal skills to make healthier choices. These skills can continue to benefit individuals long after the program ends.
- SCA: Involving local stakeholders and community groups in planning and running the initiative strengthens community ownership and support, improving the program’s effectiveness.
Cultural Appropriateness:
When programs include consultation with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples and involve Indigenous staff, they are more culturally respectful, which helps increase participation and trust.
Addressing Specific Needs of target group:
Programs are most effective when they focus on the key health issues faced by the community. Targeting these areas leads to greater improvements in health outcomes.
Funding:
Adequate funding ensures the initiative can be properly planned, resourced, and delivered. Without it, programs may struggle to meet their goals.
Focuses on Major Health Issues:
Initiatives that address serious health concerns, like poor nutrition or chronic illness, have the potential to make significant positive changes in community health.
What is social justice + 4 characteristics
(desc)
Social justice relates to fairness within a society.
- human rights: relates to the freedoms and conditions that every person is entitled to, regardless of race, religion, gender identity, sexual orientation, age and sex.
- access: all people must have adequate access to the resources and opportunities they need to thrive.
- participation: everyone in society has the opportunity to participate in their community and have their voice represented.
- equity: relates to providing more support to these who need it.
