SAC 3 Flashcards
(34 cards)
Social model of health:
Based on the understanding that in order for health gains to occur, social, economic and environmental determinants must be addressed. It considers all determinants of health.
5 Key principles of the social model of health:
AREAS:
A: Addressing the broader determinants of health. Example: Vichealth food for all program enables people of lower socioeconomic status to have access to safe and nutritious food, thus addressing social and economic factors.
R: Reduce social inequities. Example: smiles for miles program that aims to reduce the cost of dental care (which in Australia is not covered by Medicare) to provide sustainable oral health services to children in high risk communities across Victoria, especially those from lower socio economic backgrounds, indigenous communities and those in rural populations.
E: Empowers individuals and the community. Example: Vichealth sunsmart program works with schools and communities to provide information and resources to help educate people about sun safety.
A: Enable access to healthcare. Medicare is available to all australian citizens and permanent residents regardless of income and can be accessed upon need with little to no out of pocket costs.
S: Involves inter-sectorial collaboration of healthcare. Vichealth - Quit program: works with the govenerment, schools, sporting clubs, public outlets and the media to educate people about the consequences of smoking and to help put restrictions on places where smoking is allowed.
Health promotion:
The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health.
Ottawa charter 3 basic strategies for health promotion:
Enable, Mediate, Advocate.
MAE.
Enabling: involves creating supportive environments by providing access to knowledge and fostering skills, thereby allowing (enabling) people go reach their fullest health potential.
Mediating: Mediating involves coordinated action from the government, health sectors, community organisations, non-government organisations, food and support industries and the media to mediate more preventative approaches.
Advocate: Involves showing active support and initiative for health promotion. Advocacy is established though lobbying governments, health sectors and other organisations to improve access to quality healthcare. This involves reducing health inequalities and promoting better health outcomes.
Priority Areas Ottawa Charter:
Bad: Build Healthy Public Policies. Development of policy, legislation or changed in taxation to promote health.
Cats: Creating supportive environments. Environments (physical and social) that help to make healthy choices the easier choices.
Stew: Strengthen Community Action. Involving and encouraging people from all parts of the community to work together.
Dead: Develop personal skills. Give people the information and skills to make healthier choices.
Rats: Reorient health services. Switch the focus from biomedical to preventive health care. Encourage medial professionals to take a preventative approach.
VicHealth Mission:
A victorian state government initiative.
Vic health mission commits to:
- In partnership with others to promote good health.
- Promote fairness and opportunity for better health.
- Seek to prevent chronic conditions for all Victorians.
- Recognise that the social and economic conditions for all people influence their health
- Support initiatives that assist individuals, communities, workplaces, and broader society to improve wellbeing.
Vichealth Priorities:
- Promote healthy eating.
- Encourage regular physical activity.
- Prevent tobacco use.
- Prevent harm from alcohol.
- Improve mental wellbeing.
Vichealth role:
Health promotion and primary prevention of non-communicable disease in order to promote good health, prevent ill-health and reduce inequalities between population groups in Victoria.
Funding healthcare:
Funding for the healthcare system is shared between the federal, state and territory and local governments, private health insurance funds, individuals and non-government agencies.
Federal government responsibilities:
- administer the PBS.
- regulate Quarantine
- administer Medicare.
State government responsibilities:
- Delivery of health services.
- Regulatory responsibilities (such as licensing gps)
- Ambulance services.
Local government responsibilities:
- Organisation of immunisations.
- Maintaining a sanitary environment.
- Health education.
- develop local by-laws
Values of the health care system:
CARE SES.
Continuous: provide uninterrupted and coordinated care over time, there should not be a point in time when healthcare is suddenly discontinued or stopped.
Accessible: should be easy to reach at the right place and time, a person’s income, cultural background or geographical location should not stop them from accessing health care.
Responsive: Be aimed at protecting the patients confidentiality and dignity.
Efficient: Care, intervention or action achieves the desired results with the most cost-effective use of resources.
Sustainable: should be able to sustain itself In the long run by sustaining and maintains its workforce, infrastructure and resources to continue to respond to future needs.
Effective: Care, intervention of action that achieves the desired outcome is relevant to the patients need and meets the required standard.
Safe: Reducing the risks associated with the delivery of health care.
Biomedical model of health:
Focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness. Practiced by doctors and or health professionals. Includes medical tests such as x rays and blood tests, surgery and medical procedures, medications and chemotherapy.
Medicare:
Medicare is Australia’s national tax-funded healthcare scheme that provides access to health care and medical care for little or no cost to all Australians in need of treatment, regardless of age and income.
Funded in 3 ways:
Medicare levy - charged upon the taxable income of Austrliam taxpayers.
Medicare levy surcharge - charged upon higher income earners who have not taken out private health insurance.
General taxation.
What is covered and not covered of Medicare:
Covered: - Doctors and specialist consultation fees. - Tests and examinations needed to treat illnesses. - Eye tests performed by an optometrist. Not covered: - Ambulance services. - Private hospital costs. - Cosmetic surgery.
The pharmaceutical benefits scheme:
The PBS was introduced to substitute the cost of a wide range of prescription medications, providing Australians with vital medication at affordable prices.
Safety net (Medicare and PBS):
The Medicare safety net protects individuals and families from large out of pocket expenses for medical care.
The PBS safety net protects individuals and families from large out of pocket expenses for medications.
Private health insurance:
Private health insurance is a policy that is taken out by individuals or families to provide cover for services that are not covered by Medicare. There are two types of cover, hospital cover and extras cover (for non-hospital services). Either or both can be purchased.
Incentive Schemes PHI:
The federal government has introduced a number of incentive schemes to encourage individuals to take out private health insurance.
Private health insurance rebate: Subject to mean testing, families and individuals paying for PHI may be eligible for a rebate on insurance premiums.
Lifetime health cover: Anyone who does not have private hospital insurance before the financial year after their 31st birthday and decides to take out cover later will pay and extra 2% on their premiums each year over the age of 30.
Medicare levy surcharge: In addition to the compulsory Medicare levy, a small percentage of annual income is charger to Australian taxpayers who do not have private hospital health insurance.
Advantages and disadvantages of Medicare:
Advantages - Medical treatment available for little or no cost.
- All Australians have access to Medicare regardless of age or income.
Disadvantages - Long waiting lists for many treatment/hospital services.
- Doesn’t cover all health services (Alternative therapies).
Advantages and disadvantages of PHI:
Advantages - Enables access to private hospital care.
- Choice of own doctor in public and private hospitals.
Disadvantages -
Nutrition surveys:
Nutrition surveys allow the government to determine the current condition of Australia’s food intake by identifying trends within nutritional and dietary intake.
How to nutrition surveys promote healthy eating and limitations:
The information of surveys can be used
- As a tool to assess the dietary intakes of the Australian population.
- To help develop food and nutrition policy and food models.
- To create benchmarks for health strategies to be measured against.
Limitations: Food recall is questionable and gathered data is often limited to a 24 hour period.
