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A-level AQA 1A Age of the Crusades > Sadie's notes > Flashcards

Sadie's notes Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was Pope Urban II and what was his role in the First Crusade?

A

Pope Urban II was appointed in 1088 and called for the First Crusade to revive the power of the papacy and unite Europe against a common enemy

Urban faced opposition from the antipope Clement III and aimed to stop European conflicts by channeling fighting towards the Crusade.

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2
Q

What event marked the official call to arms for the First Crusade?

A

The sermon by Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont in late November 1095

This sermon included a call for aid to help the Byzantine Empire and to reclaim Jerusalem.

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3
Q

What is Penitential warfare?

A

A war fought as penance or punishment to make up for sins committed

It was justified by the theory of Just War and allowed knights to excuse their actions in battle.

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4
Q

What was one of the main aims of the First Crusade?

A

To free Jerusalem of the Muslims

Jerusalem was a holy site in Christianity, significant for its connection to Jesus’ life and death.

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5
Q

Who were the leaders of the People’s Crusade?

A

Peter the Hermit and Walter sans-Avoir

They led a disorganized group of about 30,000 lightly armed individuals, mainly pilgrims.

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6
Q

What significant battle did the People’s Crusade face in Anatolia?

A

Battle of Civetot

The People’s Crusade was defeated by Kilij Arslan at this battle.

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7
Q

Who was Godfrey of Bouillon?

A

A French knight who became the first leader of Jerusalem and called himself the ‘Advocate of the Holy Sepulchre’

He rejected the title of king in favor of a title reflecting Jesus’ humility.

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8
Q

What was the outcome of the Siege of Jerusalem in 1099?

A

The crusaders breached the walls and massacred thousands of Jews and Muslims inside

This was seen as divine vengeance for the crusaders.

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9
Q

Who established the County of Edessa?

A

Baldwin of Boulogne

He broke off from the main crusader force and declared himself Count in 1098.

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10
Q

What was the significance of the Battle of Dorylaeum?

A

It was a decisive victory for the Crusaders that allowed easier passage through Anatolia

This victory occurred on July 1, 1097.

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: The second crusader state established in 1098 was the _______.

A

Principality of Antioch

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12
Q

What did the Crusaders do after capturing Antioch?

A

They marched towards Jerusalem, negotiating for safe passage

This included making deals with local Muslim leaders.

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13
Q

Who was the papal legate on the First Crusade?

A

Adhemar le Puy

He played a crucial role in maintaining the unity of the crusader forces.

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14
Q

What was established in 1100 after Godfrey of Bouillon’s death?

A

The Kingdom of Jerusalem was officially established under Baldwin I

Baldwin I became the first king, succeeding Godfrey.

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15
Q

What happened during the Crusade of 1101?

A

The Lombard crusade and Aquitanian crusade both faced defeats against the Danishmends and other forces

These forces were largely untrained and poorly equipped.

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16
Q

What was the outcome of the Siege of Antioch?

A

The crusaders captured Antioch after an 8-month siege

Bohemond made a deal with an insider to gain entry.

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17
Q

What was one of the consequences of the Second Crusade?

A

The Muslims were able to regroup and counterattack against the Crusader states

This included significant battles and losses for the Crusaders.

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18
Q

True or False: Baldwin I was known for his compassion towards non-Christian inhabitants in the territories he conquered.

A

False

Baldwin massacred non-Christians in Caesarea but spared the citizens of Arsuf.

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19
Q

What event in 1106 involved Chavli and Ridwan?

A

They joined forces to attack Antioch.

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20
Q

What happened in 1107 at the battle of Khabur River?

A

Chavli and Ridwan attacked Mosul and killed Kilij Arslan.

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21
Q

What treaty did Bohemond agree to in 1107-8?

A

The treaty of Devol, stating that Antioch is held from Alexius as a vassal.

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22
Q

What does Tancred’s refusal to approve the treaty signify?

A

It indicates Bohemond’s failed tour of Europe and strained relations with Byzantines.

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23
Q

Who allied with Chavli of Mosul in 1108 to take back Edessa?

A

Baldwin II of Edessa.

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24
Q

What was the outcome of Baldwin’s raid on Damascene lands in 1113?

A

He broke the 10-year truce with Toghtekin.

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25
What significant event occurred in 1109 regarding Tripoli?
A dispute arose over claimants as Jerusalem backed Bertrand and Antioch backed William Jordan.
26
What did Baldwin mediate in 1109?
A deal to split Tripoli between Bertrand and William Jordan.
27
What did King Sigurd of Norway accomplish in 1110?
He took the port of Sidon and gave it to the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
28
Who was preaching about Jihad in 1111 and causing unrest?
Ibn al-Kashshab.
29
What did Pope Paschal recognize in 1113?
The Hospitallers for their service.
30
What major event occurred in 1113 involving Baldwin I?
He started a campaign against Toghtekin but was defeated at the battle of al-Sannabra.
31
What happened in 1114 involving Aqsonsqor?
He raided Edessa with 15,000 men.
32
What castle did Baldwin I build in 1115?
Montreal castle.
33
What alliance was formed against Bursuq in 1115?
Roger of Antioch allied with il Ghazi and Toghtekin.
34
What happened to Baldwin I in 1118?
He died after falling sick during a small force's expedition to Egypt.
35
Who was crowned king of Jerusalem on Easter Sunday in 1118?
Baldwin II of Edessa.
36
What significant military event occurred in 1119?
The battle of the field of blood where Roger of Antioch was killed.
37
What notable action did Baldwin take in 1120-22?
He made a truce with il Ghazi securing the safety of Antioch.
38
What happened in 1122 after il Ghazi's death?
Baldwin took advantage of the situation to take land from il Ghazi's sons.
39
What did the Venetian fleet achieve in 1123?
They destroyed an Egyptian fleet and aided in the siege of Tyre.
40
Who did Fulk marry in 1128?
Melisende, Baldwin II’s daughter.
41
What was the outcome of Baldwin II's death in 1131?
Melisende and Fulk were declared joint rulers of Jerusalem.
42
What internal conflict arose in 1132?
Joscelin of Edessa, Pons of Tripoli, and Alice of Antioch refused to acknowledge Fulk as overlord.
43
What significant military action did Fulk take in 1139?
He invaded Unur's territory but later allied with him against Zengi.
44
What happened to Edessa in December 1144?
It was taken by Zengi, marking the first destruction of a crusader state.
45
What were the two main divisions of Islam after Muhammad's death?
* Sunni * Shia
46
Who became governor of Mosul in 1127?
Zengi.
47
What was Zengi's main goal during his rule?
To capture Damascus.
48
What happened to Zengi in 1146?
He was assassinated in his sleep.
49
Who succeeded Zengi as ruler of Aleppo?
Nur ad-Din.
50
What major battle did Nur ad-Din win in 1149?
The Battle of Inab against Antiochene forces.
51
What significant change occurred in 1171 under Saladin?
He abolished the Shia caliphate in favor of the Sunni Abbasid Caliphate.
52
What major event did Saladin achieve in 1174?
He peacefully took Damascus.
53
What was Saladin's title after defeating the Zengids in 1175?
Sultan of Egypt and Syria.
54
What significant construction did Saladin undertake in Cairo?
He built the citadel of Cairo.
55
What happened at the Battle of Montgisard in 1177?
Saladin retreated after initial engagement.
56
What significant event occurred in August 1176 involving Saladin and the Assassins?
Saladin began to besiege the Assassins but ended up retreating. ## Footnote This retreat was viewed as a mutual benefit with the Crusaders, as Saladin and Sinan maintained cooperative relations.
57
What major construction projects did Saladin undertake in Cairo in 1177?
Saladin built the Citadel of Cairo and the Madrasa of the Sword Makers. ## Footnote These constructions were significant for military and educational purposes.
58
What was the outcome of the Battle of Montgisard on November 25, 1177?
Saladin retreated to Egypt after the battle. ## Footnote This battle was a surprising victory for Baldwin IV against Saladin.
59
Who defeated Baldwin and the Templars at Golan Heights in April 1179?
Farrukh-Shah, one of Saladin's generals. ## Footnote This victory was a significant Ayyubid success.
60
What was Saladin's offer to Baldwin regarding Jacob’s Ford in the summer of 1179?
Saladin offered Baldwin 100,000 marks to abandon the construction at Jacob's Ford. ## Footnote This was in response to Baldwin's strategic fortification efforts.
61
What significant military event occurred in 1187?
The battle of Hattin and the subsequent capture of Jerusalem. ## Footnote This marked a pivotal moment in the Crusades.
62
What was the call to the Second Crusade issued by Pope Eugenius III?
The call was issued through the document Quantum Praedecessores on December 1, 1145. ## Footnote It promised indulgences and was addressed to French nobles.
63
What was the primary objective of the Second Crusade?
The primary objective was to protect Edessa, although this was not explicitly stated. ## Footnote The campaign was also about fighting the infidels.
64
Who preached the Second Crusade on Easter Sunday, March 31, 1146?
Bernard of Clairvaux. ## Footnote This preaching aimed to coincide with religious festivals to garner support.
65
What were the sizes of the armies led by Louis VII and Conrad III?
* Germans: 20,000 * French: 700 knights from the king and more from nobles. ## Footnote This highlights the scale of the forces involved in the Second Crusade.
66
What difficulties did the German army face on their journey to the East?
They faced undisciplined conflicts with the Greeks and suffered losses from a flash flood. ## Footnote These challenges hindered their progress significantly.
67
What happened at the Second Battle of Dorylaeum on October 25, 1147?
Conrad's army was devastatingly defeated due to poor discipline and treachery of the guides. ## Footnote This battle exemplified the lack of coordination among the Crusading forces.
68
What was the outcome of the Battle of Ephesus on December 24, 1147?
Louis' army achieved a clear victory over the Turks. ## Footnote This victory demonstrated the potential for success in the Second Crusade.
69
What was the strategic goal decided at the Council of Acre for the Second Crusade?
The goal was to capture Damascus. ## Footnote This decision was made after re-evaluating the original aim of the crusade.
70
What was the consequence of rejecting the plan to capture Aleppo proposed by Prince Raymond?
Raymond retracted his support of the crusade. ## Footnote This led to further complications in the Crusaders' efforts.
71
What happened during the siege of Damascus in July 1148?
The siege ended in retreat after three days due to a lack of food and water. ## Footnote This failure marked a significant setback for the Crusaders.
72
What was the relationship like between the Germans and Franks during the Second Crusade?
There was a significant distrust and betrayal among them. ## Footnote This discord contributed to the failure of the Crusade.
73
What happened to Baldwin III in 1162?
Baldwin III died without children, leading to Amalric becoming king. ## Footnote This succession was marked by political challenges.
74
What was the significance of Nur ad-Din's actions in 1164?
Nur ad-Din invaded Antioch and captured key figures, demonstrating his military strength. ## Footnote His actions were pivotal in the power dynamics of the region.
75
What critical event occurred in January 1169 in Egypt?
Shirkuh invaded Egypt and executed Shawar. ## Footnote This marked a shift in control as Saladin took over afterward.
76
What was the outcome of the earthquake in June 1170?
It devastated Syria and halted major hostilities for repairs. ## Footnote This natural disaster had significant strategic implications.
77
What did Amalric request in August 1167?
Amalric requested a marriage alliance with the Byzantines. ## Footnote This was part of his strategy to strengthen ties and military support.
78
Who was the key figure that died on May 15, 1174, leading to a power struggle?
Nur ad-Din died, causing a power struggle between his son and Gumushtekin. ## Footnote This event destabilized the region and impacted future conflicts.
79
What was the fate of Baldwin IV after 1174?
He suffered from leprosy and was unable to effectively rule. ## Footnote His condition severely impacted the leadership of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
80
What happened in September 1177 regarding Saladin's invasion?
Baldwin IV won a surprise victory at Montgisard, saving Jerusalem. ## Footnote This battle was crucial for the Crusader states.
81
What was the outcome of the two-year truce agreed upon in May 1180?
It was agreed due to famine and internal issues within the Kingdom of Jerusalem. ## Footnote This truce was temporary, reflecting the ongoing struggles.
82
What event occurred on 2nd October 1180 involving Saladin?
Saladin holds diplomatic congress near Samosata to maintain a 2-year peace.
83
Who was Sibylla engaged to in 1180?
Sibylla was engaged to Guy of Lusignan.
84
What happened on 6th October 1180?
Patriarch Amalric dies; Heraclius appointed.
85
What significant event occurred on 29th June 1181?
Saif al-Din dies, leading to a succession crisis in Mosul.
86
What did Reynald do in 1181 that escalated tensions with Saladin?
Reynald attacks a caravan during the truce.
87
Fill in the blank: In 1182, Raymond of Tripoli was banned from ______ due to suspicion from Baldwin IV.
Jerusalem
88
What happened on 12th June 1183?
Saladin captures Aleppo, strengthening his northern position.
89
What was the outcome of the Battle of Hattin on 4th July 1187?
Catastrophic Crusader defeat; True Cross captured.
90
True or False: Saladin captured Jerusalem on 2nd October 1187.
True
91
What significant event did Pope Urban III experience after the Battle of Hattin?
He died upon hearing about Hattin.
92
Who joined the Third Crusade alongside Emperor Frederick Barbarossa?
King Richard I of England and King Philip II of France.
93
Fill in the blank: Richard I imposed a ______ on the Jews in England to finance the crusade.
tallage
94
What was the outcome of the Siege of Acre on 12th July 1191?
The city surrendered to the Crusaders.
95
What did Richard do to the 3,000 Muslim prisoners during the Siege of Acre?
He killed them due to the delay in ransom payments.
96
What strategy did Richard employ during the Battle of Arsuf on 7th September 1191?
He ordered the full Christian cavalry forward after two hospitallers broke ranks.
97
Why did Richard decide to turn back from Jerusalem in 1192?
He felt it would be impossible to maintain the city even if captured.
98
What happened on 3rd March 1193?
Saladin dies, leaving 17 sons.
99
What did Frederick Barbarossa require from participants of the crusade?
Participants were required to have at least three marks.
100
Fill in the blank: In 1191, Richard married ______ to strengthen alliances.
Berengaria
101
What did Saladin do to prevent the Crusaders from capturing Ascalon?
He razed Ascalon to the ground.
102
What was Richard's stance on a campaign against Egypt in October 1191?
He wrote for support but prioritized capturing Jerusalem first.
103
True or False: The extended siege of Acre was beneficial for Saladin.
False
104
Who was the rightful claimant to the throne after Sibylla's daughters died?
Isabella
105
How did Richard finance the crusade?
He sold everything he could, including offices and lands.
106
What was the result of the Ayyubid rulers' feud from 1193 to 1196?
Multiple failed sieges of Damascus; al-Afdal proved weak.
107
Fill in the blank: In 1196, al-Adil and al-Aziz ousted ______ from Damascus.
al-Afdal
108
Who did Richard's sister Joan decline to marry?
Saphadin ## Footnote Joan refused to marry “an infidel”
109
When did the march to Jerusalem begin?
Late October ## Footnote The distance was only 80km
110
What was Richard's concern regarding maintaining Jerusalem after its capture?
Who would protect the city when he and his army returned home?
111
What was the morale of the crusaders after Richard decided to turn back?
Morale plummeted and everyone felt let down
112
What decision was made regarding the kingship after Conrad's murder?
Conrad was unanimously decided as King, Guy given Cyprus as consolation
113
On what date was Conrad murdered?
28 April 1192
114
Who was blamed for Conrad's murder?
Richard, especially by Philip
115
Who did Isabella marry?
Henry of Champagne
116
What was the outcome of the Crusaders' second march on Jerusalem?
They captured Darum on May 22, 1192
117
What did Richard question regarding the city after capturing Darum?
How to maintain the city
118
What was the result of Saladin's attack on Jaffa?
He took Jaffa successfully
119
What significant event happened on September 2, 1192?
A 3-year truce was signed
120
What did the truce signed on September 2, 1192, allow?
Christians kept the coastline from Tyre to Jaffa but had to give Saladin Ascalon
121
When did Richard set sail from Acre?
9 October 1192
122
What did Henry of Champagne begin to do in 1196?
Amass forces for a possible crusade
123
Where did the full German army assemble in 1197?
Bari in southern Italy
124
What was the size of the German army that assembled?
4000 knights and 12000 other soldiers
125
What significant event happened on 10 September 1197?
Scarlet kills Henry of Champagne
126
What did the Muslims experience during the truce period?
The Muslim world was heavily divided
127
What papal bull was called on 15th August 1198?
Post Miserabiles
128
What issue did the crusading force encounter regarding soldiers?
Only a third of the soldiers turned up
129
What city did the crusaders decide to attack to pay off their debt?
Zara
130
Who did the crusaders put on the throne after taking Constantinople?
Angelus Alexios
131
What happened in January 1204 in Constantinople?
Murzuphulus led a military coup
132
What was the outcome of the crusaders' attack on Constantinople?
They sacked it and crowned Baldwin I as Emperor of the Latin Empire
133
What were the Byzantine splinter states established post-sack?
* Kingdom of Nicaea * Kingdom of Trebizond * Despotate of Epirus
134
What military order was founded by Italian merchants in 1080?
Hospitallers
135
What was the original function of the Hospitallers?
Providing care for sick pilgrims
136
What was the military capacity of the Hospitallers by 1168?
Promise king of Jerusalem 500 knights + 500 Turcopoles
137
Who set up the Templars in 1119?
Hugh of Payn
138
What key event involved the Templars in 1119?
Field of Blood and the massacre of 300 pilgrims
139
Who helped approve the monastic rule for the Templars?
Bernard of Clairvaux
140
What did the Templars gain from papal support?
Virtually untouchable status
141
What was a major problem for the army in the East?
Manpower

A-level AQA 1A Age of the Crusades (8 decks)

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