CRUSADE AQA COPY Flashcards
(248 cards)
1
Q
Who preached on Jihad before Zangi’s reign, and to what reception?
A
Al Sulami, to 2-6 people.
2
Q
In which month did Kilij Arslan attempt to relieve the siege at Nicaea?
A
May 1097.
3
Q
When did Nur ad-Din gain control of Mosul?
A
1149.
4
Q
How did the Crusaders adapt to Seljuk ranged attacks?
A
They marched at night and used heavy infantry to shield cavalry.
5
Q
What were the outcomes of each battle of Ramla? What dates?
A
1101 - First battle is a Frankish victory despite ambush thanks to cavalry charge.
1102 - Second battle is a Fatimid victory, only Baldwin and one other knight survive.
1105 - Frankish victory, similar to first.
6
Q
How much was King Fulk paid to relieve the siege of Damascus?
A
20,000 gold pieces.
7
Q
Who got what when Zangi died? When did he die?
A
Mosul goes to Saif ad-Din, Aleppo goes to Nur ad-Din.
September 1146
8
Q
How many soldiers was the KoJ left with after the first Crusade?
A
300 knights and 2000 footsoldiers.
9
Q
Who claims God allowed Muslims victory vs. the second Crusade?
A
Ibn Al-Athir.
10
Q
Who instigated a riot in Baghdad and when? What notable object was destroyed?
A
1111, Ibn al-Kashshab.
Pulpit of the minbar in the private mosques of Seljuk Sultan Muhammad I destroyed.
11
Q
What is the result of Emperor John’s demand for homage from Antioch?
A
John and Raymond agree to take Shaizar and Aleppo so John can have Antioch and Raymond captured cities. They fail, but John demands homage from Antioch anyway.
12
Q
Where did Kilij Arslan assault the Crusader forces? Who did he assault? When?
A
Dorylaeum, Bohemond and Robert of Normandy’s force attacked.
July 1097
13
Q
Who was the Muslim commander at the battle of Harran?
A
Jikirmish, governor of Mosul.
14
Q
When did Nur ad-Din take Damascus?
A
April 1154.
15
Q
Who were the leaders of the first Crusade?
A
Godfrey of Bouillon, Raymond of Toulouse, Baldwin of Boulogne, Bohemond of Taranto, Hugh of Vermandois, Tancred of Leece, Robert of Normandy, Adhemar of Le Puy.
16
Q
Who besieged the Crusaders at Antioch?
A
Kerbogha.
17
Q
Name two Baldwin II victories with dates.
A
A’zaz in 1125, Marj al-Saffar in 1126.
18
Q
Who becomes ruler of Edessa? How?
A
Baldwin, by convincing Thoros, the previous ruler, to adopt him before dying in mysterious circumstances.
19
Q
When was there a Muslim revolt to Frankish rule? Where?
A
Nablus, in 1113.
20
Q
Why did Louis VII March South to Jerusalem in the second Crusade?
A
Edessa’s condition had deteriorated after an October 1146 Armenian uprising and Louis wanted to do a pilgrimage.
21
Q
Where and when was the first Crusade called?
A
Council of Clermont, November 1095.
22
Q
How was the siege of Antioch concluded?
A
Bohemond convinces an Armenian guard, Firiz, to let him enter the city with a rope.
23
Q
What were the main Crusader tactics?
A
Used fixed battle formations, heavily armored, heavy cavalry charge.
24
Q
What event occurred at Antioch that increased Crusader morale?
A
Peter Bartholomew claimed to have had a vision of and found the Holy Lance.
25
Who succeeds Baldwin as King of Jerusalem?
Baldwin II, with Joscelin becoming Count of Edessa.
26
What is Abaq given by Nur ad-Din in exchange for Damascus?
The fiefdom of Homs.
27
How long was the siege of Antioch?
10 months.
28
What were the effects of the reformation on the calling of the first Crusade?
Empowered pope, better communication, easy to mobilize resources, councils of senior churchmen.
29
Who assisted in the taking of Caesarea by the Latin East?
A Genoese fleet.
30
When was the council of Nablus and what did it dictate about Muslim-Christian relations?
1120.
## Footnote
Muslims not allowed to perform sexual acts with Christians for fear of severe punishment.
31
Who assisted the Franks at Tyre?
A Venetian fleet.
32
How is the battle of Dorylaeum broken up?
Kilij Arslan retreats when Adhemar arrives with reinforcements.
33
Which Muslim leaders formed an alliance after the first Crusade?
Kilij Arslan, Ridwan of Aleppo, and the Danishmends.
34
When did the Fatimids take Jerusalem? How many siege engines did they bring? How long was the siege?
1098, they brought 40+ siege engines and had a 6+ week siege.
35
What city did Zangi besiege 5 times? When?
Damascus.
## Footnote
1135, 1137, 1139, 1140, 1145
36
What did Alexius force the Crusader leaders to do? Who refuses?
Swear oaths of vassalage to him. Raymond refuses, only agreeing not to harm his territories.
37
Who announced the second Crusade?
Pope Eugenius III.
38
What significant natural disaster occurred to the German forces on the second Crusade? When?
Flash flood.
## Footnote
September 1147
39
Big reformation to church name? Year?
Gregorian reformation, 1040's.
40
Who convinced Conrad III to join the 2nd Crusade?
St Bernard.
41
Who does Unur call to help when the second Crusade sieges Damascus?
Saif ad-Din and Nur ad-Din, who sit at Homs.
42
Why were the Crusaders victorious at Ascalon?
Advance information from captured troops, cavalry charges, army of 9000, threat of excommunication if men turned aside for plunder.
43
Who acknowledges Nur ad-Din as his overlord?
Qutb ad-Din of Mosul.
44
What battle displays division between Ridwan and Duqaq? When?
Battle of Qinnisrin, 1097.
45
Outcome/date of battle of Harran?
Antioch + Edessa defeated, 1104.
## Footnote
Antioch loses 60% of territory.
46
Who led the simultaneous Byzantine campaign and where?
John Doukas, South-West Anatolia.
47
Who becomes King of Jerusalem after Godfrey's death?
Baldwin of Edessa.
48
Who called the first Crusade? Why was this significant?
Pope Urban II.
## Footnote
He had been part of the Cluniac movement with 2000 dependent houses from England to Italy.
49
Which Byzantine military commander started a skirmish with German troops, and why?
Prosuch.
## Footnote
Germans burnt down an Orthodox ministry.
50
What book was widely preached and spread during the reign of Nur ad-Din?
"The merits of Jerusalem."
51
When is the battle of the Field of Blood? What happens? Who are the leaders?
1119.
## Footnote
Catastrophic defeat for Antioch and Edessa, Roger of Antioch killed.
52
When and where are the French defeated in the second Crusade?
Mt Cadmus, January 1148.
53
When and where are the Germans defeated in the second Crusade?
The 2nd battle of Dorylaeum, October 1147.
54
Who was the Muslim leader at Ascalon?
Aoul Afdal.
55
When was the Knights Templar founded?
1119-1120.
56
What city did the Crusaders fail to take? Who convinced them to besiege it?
Tripoli.
## Footnote
Raymond convinced them to besiege it for 2 months.
57
How many madrasas exist at the start of Nur ad-Din's reign? How many does he found?
16 to start, he founds 56.
58
Who is defending Antioch when the first Crusaders arrive?
Yagi Seiyan.
59
What were the two different denominations of Christianity? When did they split?
Catholic (Latin) in the West, East Orthodoxy (Greek) in the East.
## Footnote
Split 1054.
60
What was the first Crusade's second target? When did they arrive?
Antioch.
## Footnote
October 1097.
61
Important Byzantine defeat name and year? Who was the Muslim leader?
Battle of Manzikert, 1071.
## Footnote
Alp Arslan, father of Malik Shah, leads Muslims.
62
Who requested Urban II's help? When?
Alexius I Comnenus.
## Footnote
Messengers reach Urban March 1095.
63
How was the siege at Nicaea concluded?
Alexius I Comnenus sent ships to the Askanian lake at the same time as a Crusader assault.
64
What was the name of the Papal bull for the second Crusade? When was it issued?
Quantum Praedecessores.
## Footnote
December 1145.
65
Who was in attendance when the second Crusade was announced? When?
Louis VII, Eleanor of Acquitaine, Count Theirry of Flanders, Count Alphonse.
## Footnote
1145.
66
Who were the two leaders defeated in separate battles trying to reclaim Antioch?
Duqaq of Damascus, Ridwan of Aleppo.
67
What title was Godfrey given?
Advocate of the Holy Sepulchre.
68
How was the siege of Jerusalem concluded?
Godfrey + Tancred forces disassembled then reassembled their siege towers at a weaker segment of the wall.
69
What was 'taking the cross'?
On signing up for Crusade people would be permitted to wear a cross badge.
70
Who was the military commander for the first Crusade? (Except at Jerusalem)
Bohemond, a great field commander.
71
When was the year of the deaths of Caliphs and Commanders? Who died?
1094.
## Footnote
Caliphs in Baghdad/Cairo, Vizier in Baghdad, Malik Shah had died 2 years earlier in 1092.
72
What are the four Crusader states and who are their initial rulers?
Jerusalem (Godfrey), Edessa (Baldwin), Tripoli (Raymond), Antioch (Bohemond).
73
What happened at Damascus during the second Crusade?
Crusade army initially stationed in advantageous position in orchard, marched to opposite side of city with low walls, no water or food supply, run out after four days and are forced to retreat.
74
What was Jihad? How is it distinguished into two categories?
Jihad = Struggle.
## Footnote
Greater Jihad = Struggle within oneself, Lesser Jihad = Struggle against non-Muslims.
75
Who was the ruler of Damascus at the time of the second Crusade?
Unur of Damascus.
76
What was the reason for the battle of the Field of Blood?
Muslim retaliation for a Frankish victory at A'zaz.
77
Why didn't Alexius send help to the first Crusaders at Antioch?
Stephen of Blois deserted, and told Alexius on his way back that the siege was doomed.
78
When did Zangi capture Edessa?
1144.
79
What were Nur ad-Din's titles?
The Just, The Wager of Jihad.
80
What did the Germans claim their Byzantine guide did in the second Crusade?
Ran off at night and summoned the Turks.
81
Which Byzantine tactician is sent with the Crusaders? What happens to them?
Taticius, who deserts at Antioch.
82
How were the Crusader forces split at the siege of Jerusalem?
Raymond's forces and Godfrey + Tancred's forces.
83
What does Alexius educate the leaders of the first Crusade on?
Seljuk battle tactics.
84
Denominations of Islam? Where is the head of each located?
Sunni and Shia Muslims.
## Footnote
Sunnis in middle East with Abbasid caliph in Baghdad, Shia in North Africa with Fatimid Caliph in Cairo.
85
When did Zangi fight the Franks before Edessa? Where?
1137.
## Footnote
Barin.
86
When was the battle of Inab and what was the outcome?
1149.
## Footnote
Raymond of Poiters killed + head sent to caliph, Apamea and Harim taken by Nur ad-Din.
87
Which were some territories taken by the various Frankish kingdoms? When?
Jerusalem: Sidon December 1110, Caesarea 1101, Ascalon 1153, Acre 1104, Antioch: Beirut 1110, Tripoli: Tortosa 1101.
88
Who inherits Damascus from Unur?
Abaq of Damascus.
89
Which regions was Zangi Atabeg of? When did he gain control of these places?
Mosul 1127, Aleppo 1128.
90
What is an example of a castle built by a knights order? When was it built?
Belvior.
## Footnote
Built by hospitallers after 1168.
91
Which cities does the simultaneous Byzantine campaign capture? Between which years does it occur?
Chios, Rhods, Smyrna, Ephesus, Sordis, Philidelphia.
## Footnote
1097-1099.
92
What happens when Baldwin II of Edessa is released from captivity? When?
Asks for Edessa back, Tancred refuses.
## Footnote
Battle of Tell-Bashir where Baldwin II allies with Chevli of Mosul, 1108.
93
Which cities does the simultaneous Byzantine campaign capture?
Chios, Rhods, Smyrna, Ephesus, Sordis, Philadelphia
## Footnote
Occurs between 1097-1099.
94
What happens when Baldwin II of Edessa is released from captivity?
Asks for Edessa back, Tancred refuses. Allies with Chevli of Mosul in the Battle of Tell-Bashir.
## Footnote
This occurs in 1108.
95
What are some examples of castles built by each of the Frankish states?
Jerusalem: Ibelin, Bharzhegarde, Bethgibelin; Antioch: Montreal; Tripoli: Krak des Chevaliers.
96
97
When were truces made between Nur ad-Din and Jerusalem?
May 1155 - one year truce, Renewed November 1156
## Footnote
The truces were significant in the ongoing conflicts during the Crusades.
98
Where did many Muslims migrate in the aftermath of the second Crusade?
Zangid areas
## Footnote
Migration patterns often shifted due to the outcomes of military campaigns.
99
Who were the main military orders in the Latin East?
* The knights Templar
* The knights Hospitaller
* The Teutonic order
## Footnote
These military orders played crucial roles in the Crusades, providing military and logistical support.
100
Why did Alexius pay off the Crusaders after Nicaea?
There was little opportunity for plunder
## Footnote
This decision reflects the strategic considerations of the Byzantine Empire.
101
Why was the destination of Jerusalem appealing to prospective Crusaders?
Pilgrimage to Jerusalem was an important way to cleanse one's soul, and it was the most revered pilgrimage destination
## Footnote
The religious motivations were a significant factor in the Crusades.
102
When was the battle of Ascalon?
August 1099
## Footnote
This battle was one of the key conflicts during the First Crusade.
103
When was the Jerusalem civil war and who was it between?
1134, Between King Fulk and Hugh of Jaffa
## Footnote
Internal conflicts often weakened Crusader states.
104
Who shows up to Antioch demanding homage, and when?
John Comnenus, Byzantine emperor, in 1137
## Footnote
This event illustrates the ongoing tension between the Byzantine Empire and Crusader states.
105
Why was the idea of remission of sins appealing?
Knights, who Urban II wanted on Crusade, knew their job was sinful and were worried about hell
## Footnote
The promise of spiritual rewards significantly motivated participants in the Crusades.
106
Who were the leaders of the people's Crusade?
* Peter the Hermit
* Walter Sans-Avoir
## Footnote
Their leadership was pivotal in the early stages of the Crusades.
107
What was the significance of Nicaea?
It was Kilij Arslan's capital city
## Footnote
Control over Nicaea was strategically important during the Crusades.
108
What was the first target of the first Crusade?
Nicaea
## Footnote
This target was chosen due to its strategic importance.
109
Who was the Seljuk leader at the time of the first Crusade and what were they doing as the Crusade entered Anatolia?
Kilij Arslan, Fighting the Danishmends in the East
## Footnote
His focus on other conflicts allowed the Crusaders to advance.
110
Who is the first Patriarch of Jerusalem?
Arnulf of Chocques
## Footnote
His appointment marked a significant moment in the religious leadership of the Crusader states.
111
Who appoints the first Patriarch of Jerusalem and when?
Godfrey appoints him, July 1099
## Footnote
This appointment was part of the establishment of Crusader governance.
112
What are Arnulf's main acts as Patriarch?
* He Latinizes his Holy see
* Installs Latin priests and banishes Eastern orthodox priests
## Footnote
These actions were part of the consolidation of Latin Christian authority.
113
When does Nablus surrender to the Crusaders?
1099
## Footnote
The surrender of Nablus was part of the early successes of the First Crusade.
114
Which cities are the Crusaders unable to take after Ascalon?
* Ascalon
* Arsuf
## Footnote
The inability to capture these cities indicated the limits of Crusader power in the region.
115
Who is the second Patriarch of Jerusalem?
Daimbert
## Footnote
His leadership followed Arnulf's and was marked by significant actions.
116
What does the second Patriarch of Jerusalem notably do on his journey to Jerusalem?
* Raids islands such as the Heptannese, Corfu, and Leucas
* Stops to besiege Byzantine port of Lattakieh
## Footnote
His actions reflect the aggressive expansionist policies of the Crusader states.
117
When is Daimbert made patriarch?
December 1099
## Footnote
His appointment took place shortly after the capture of Jerusalem.
118
What cities is Tancred able to take in 1099?
* Tiberias
* Nazareth
* Mount Tabor
* Beisan
## Footnote
Tancred's conquests were significant for the expansion of Crusader control.
119
What happens to Bohemond of Antioch in 1100?
Captured by Danishmends, Released in 1103
## Footnote
His capture had implications for the defense and politics of the Crusader states.
120
Who opposes Baldwin I's claim to the throne?
* Tancred
* Daimbert
* Bohemond
## Footnote
Rival claims to the throne reflect the political instability of the Crusader states.
121
When does Tancred become prince of Antioch?
March 1101
## Footnote
His rise to power marked a significant shift in the leadership of Antioch.
122
What were the three parts of the 1101 Crusade?
* The Lombard Crusade
* The Nivernais Crusade
* The Aquitanian Crusade
## Footnote
These subdivisions indicate the varied motivations and participants in the Crusades.
123
What did the remnants of the 1101 Crusade help achieve?
The capture of Tortosa, Done under Raymond of Toulouse
## Footnote
This achievement highlights the continued military efforts despite challenges.
124
When is the siege of Tripoli?
1102-1109
## Footnote
The siege reflects the ongoing military conflicts in the region.
125
Who is involved in the power struggle over the ownership of Tripoli?
* Bertrand (Raymond's illegitimate son, backed by Jerusalem)
* William Jordan (Raymond's nephew, backed by Antioch)
## Footnote
The power struggle illustrates the complexities of feudal allegiances in the Crusader states.
126
When was Lattakieh taken?
1103
## Footnote
This capture was part of the broader conflict between the Byzantines and Crusaders.
127
Who does Baldwin of Bourcq marry?
Morphia of Melitene, a wealthy Armenian, 1102
## Footnote
Marriages were often used to secure alliances in the Crusader states.
128
Which cities are the Byzantines able to reclaim in the aftermath of the battle of Harran?
* Tarsus
* Adana
* Mamistra
* Lower city of Lattakieh
## Footnote
These reconquests reflect the shifting power dynamics in the region.
129
When are the Damascus - Jerusalem alliances negotiated by Baldwin I?
1106-1108, 1108-1113, when it is broken by Baldwin I
## Footnote
Alliances were crucial for maintaining peace and stability.
130
What does Bohemond's tour of Europe culminate with?
The siege of Dyrrachium, which he loses
## Footnote
His failure highlights the difficulties faced by Crusader leaders in maintaining alliances.
131
When is an army from Baghdad defeated by a Frankish-Muslim alliance?
1115
## Footnote
This battle illustrates the complexities of alliances during the Crusades.
132
When does Baldwin I act as regent of Antioch?
1119-1126
## Footnote
His regency was marked by significant political maneuvering.
133
When is the siege of Aleppo?
1124-1125
## Footnote
The siege reflects the ongoing military conflicts in the region.
134
When is Alice of Antioch expelled from the city by Baldwin II?
1130
## Footnote
This expulsion was part of the internal power struggles in Antioch.
135
When does Zangi march on Baghdad?
1131 and June 1132
## Footnote
His military campaigns reflect the regional power dynamics.
136
When would Fulk become regent of Antioch?
1132
## Footnote
His regency was part of the ongoing power struggles in the region.
137
Who does Fulk repel from raiding into Edessa and Antioch? When? Where is the battle?:
Sawar of Aleppo, 1133, Qinnisrin
## Footnote
This reflects the ongoing military threats to Crusader territories.
138
What was an example of a castle given to the Hospitallers?
Bethgibelin, 1136 by Fulk
## Footnote
The distribution of castles illustrates the feudal nature of Crusader society.
139
What raid into Tripoli leads to the death of Pons?
A raid by Bazwaj of Damascus, March 1137
## Footnote
This reflects the ongoing conflicts with Muslim forces.
140
When does Emperor John prepare to take Antioch by force?
March 1143
## Footnote
His preparations indicate the ongoing tensions between the Byzantines and Crusader states.
141
When does Nur ad-Din unsuccessfully siege Damascus?
1150 and 1151
## Footnote
His failed sieges reflect the military challenges faced by Muslim leaders.
142
When does Nur ad-Din raid into Antioch?
1146
## Footnote
This raid highlights the ongoing conflicts in the region.
143
What is the outcome when Emperor Manuel marches down to Antioch?
Forms a strategic alliance with Nur ad-Din against Kilij Arslan II, 1159
## Footnote
This alliance reflects the shifting allegiances in the region.
144
Which Frankish city does Nur ad-Din siege?
Banyas, 1157
## Footnote
The siege indicates the ongoing Muslim efforts to reclaim lost territories.
145
When is the battle of Burquaia?
1163
## Footnote
This battle was part of the ongoing conflicts in the region.
146
When is the battle of Harenc?
1164
## Footnote
This battle resulted in the capture of key Crusader leaders.
147
When does Nur ad-Din force Saladin to remove the Fatimid caliph?
1171
## Footnote
This event marked a significant shift in power dynamics in Egypt.
148
When does Nur ad-Din campaign in Egypt?
1164-1171
## Footnote
His campaigns aimed to expand Muslim influence in the region.
149
Who assisted in the taking of Sidon by the crusader states?
King Sigurd of Norway
## Footnote
His involvement reflects the broader European interest in the Crusades.
150
When does Unur organize a truce with Jerusalem?
2 year truce in 1149
## Footnote
Truces were often necessary to manage ongoing conflicts.
151
When does Baldwin III sell the remaining Frankish castles in Edessa?
1150, to the Byzantines
## Footnote
This sale illustrates the declining control of the Crusaders in the region.
152
When does Nur ad-Din take Tortosa?
1152, Burns it
## Footnote
The destruction of Tortosa reflects the ongoing military conflicts.
153
When does Raynald raid Cyprus?
1156
## Footnote
Raids like this were common as Crusader states sought resources.
154
When does Baldwin III request an imperial bride from Manuel?
1157
## Footnote
Marriages were strategically important in consolidating power.
155
What happens during Baldwin III's expedition to Shaizar?
Fails as Thierry refuses to do homage to Raynald for it, and Raynald demands this, 1157
## Footnote
Internal disagreements often undermined Crusader military efforts.
156
When are the Franks defeated by Nur ad-Din at Jacob's Ford?
1157
## Footnote
This defeat reflects the ongoing military challenges faced by the Crusaders.
157
At what battle did Baldwin III defeat Nur ad-Din?
The battle of Butaiha, 1158
## Footnote
His victory was aided by Nur ad-Din's poor health.
158
When does Baldwin III threaten to invade Egypt?
1160
## Footnote
Threats of invasion were part of the power play between Crusaders and Muslim leaders.
159
When does Baldwin III die?
1162, Amalric succeeds him
## Footnote
The succession marked a transition in leadership of the Crusader states.
160
What was the condition for Amalric's coronation?
He had to divorce his wife, Agnes, by declaring they were too closely related
## Footnote
Marital alliances were often complicated by political needs.
161
When does Amalric team up with the Byzantines?
1162, Against Thoros
## Footnote
Alliances with Byzantines were crucial for Crusader military efforts.
162
When did Amalric first invade Egypt?
1163
## Footnote
His invasion was motivated by financial disputes.
163
Why was Egypt so appealing to Amalric and Nur ad-Din?
* Nile delta was very fertile
* Alexandria was one of the main ports in the East Mediterranean
* Good strategic position - on the coast + either surrounds Franks or allows them not to be surrounded
## Footnote
Control over Egypt was vital for trade and military strategy.
164
When does Nur ad-Din help Shawar regain Egypt?
1164, Sends Shirkuh
## Footnote
His support illustrates the interconnectedness of regional powers.
165
When is Shirkuh forced out of Egypt by Amalric and Shawar?
1164
## Footnote
Military campaigns in Egypt were marked by rapid shifts in control.
166
When do Shirkuh and Saladin invade Egypt for the second time?
1167
## Footnote
Their invasion reflects continued efforts to assert control over Egypt.
167
When does Amalric siege Alexandria?
1167
## Footnote
His siege reflects the ongoing military contest over key cities.
168
Who does Amalric marry?
Maria Comnenus, the great niece of Manuel
## Footnote
His marriage was strategic in consolidating alliances.
169
When does Amalric first attempt to overthrow Shawar?
1168
## Footnote
His attempts highlight the political instability in Egypt.
170
When is Shawar overthrown?
1169, Shirkuh replaces him
## Footnote
The overthrow of Shawar marked a significant shift in power dynamics.
171
Name some areas given to knights orders during Amalric's reign.
* **Tortosa, Bouqaia** and **Belvior** to Hospitallers
* **Safed** and **areas around Baghras** to Templars
## Footnote
The allocation of land to military orders was crucial for their support.
172
Who is sent West by Amalric?
Frederick, Archbishop of Tyre, 1169
## Footnote
His mission aimed to secure support from Europe.
173
When was the joint Amalric Byzantine Egyptian expedition?
1169
## Footnote
The expedition faced logistical challenges that undermined its success.
174
What is the outcome of the joint Amalric Byzantine expedition to Egypt?
They attempted to take Damietta, but soon fail
## Footnote
The failure reflects the difficulties of coalition warfare.
175
What siege by Saladin is Amalric able to break?
Daron, 1170
## Footnote
Breaking sieges was critical to maintaining control of territories.
176
When does Amalric visit Constantinople?
1171
## Footnote
His visit aimed to renew alliances with the Byzantine Empire.
177
What castle does Saladin almost take from Amalric?
Montreal, 1171
## Footnote
Saladin's sieges reflect his military ambitions.
178
What Frankish castle do Saladin and Nur ad-Din jointly siege?
Kerak
## Footnote
Their joint efforts illustrate the collaboration among Muslim leaders.
179
When does Nur ad-Din die?
1174
## Footnote
His death led to a power struggle among his successors.
180
When does Amalric die?
1174, succeeded by Baldwin IV
## Footnote
The succession marked another transition in leadership during the Crusades.
181
What territories does Nur ad-Din take from the Byzantines during Amalric's reign?
* Mamistra
* Adana
* Tarsus, 1170
## Footnote
These conquests reflect the ongoing territorial conflicts.
182
When did Saladin take Damascus?
1174
## Footnote
The capture of Damascus marked a significant shift in power.
183
What year did Amalric die?
1174
## Footnote
Succeeded by Baldwin IV.
184
What territories did Nur ad-Din take from the Byzantines during Amalric's reign?
* Mamistra
* Adana
* Tarsus
## Footnote
Taken in 1170.
185
When did Saladin take Damascus?
1174
186
Who was invited from France to marry Sibylla?
William Longsword
## Footnote
He died in 1176.
187
What were the factions in Jerusalem during Baldwin IV's reign?
* Old faction led by Raymond III of Tripoli wanting cooperation with Muslims
* New faction under Raynald opposing cooperation
188
When was the battle of Myriocephalum?
1176
## Footnote
Between Manuel and Kilij Arslan II; significant Byzantine defeat.
189
When was Raymond III regent of Jerusalem?
1174-1176
190
When was the Crusade of Philip of Flanders?
1177
## Footnote
United with others at Acre but never attacked Egypt due to Baldwin IV's illness.
191
When was the battle of Montgisard?
1177
## Footnote
Massive crusader victory with Saladin almost killed.
192
When were the Franks sieged by Saladin at Jacob's Ford castle?
1179
193
When was the Saladin - Baldwin IV truce signed?
1180
## Footnote
Meant to last 2 years.
194
When did Manuel die?
1180
## Footnote
Replaced by Alexius II, with Maria of Antioch acting as regent.
195
When did Sibylla marry Guy of Lusignan?
1180
196
When did Raynald raid Saladin's caravans?
1181 and 1186
197
When was the battle of Belvoir?
1182
## Footnote
Outcome was a draw.
198
When did Saladin capture Aleppo?
1183
199
When was the massacre of the Latins?
1182
## Footnote
Approximately 60,000 killed.
200
When was Guy made regent of Jerusalem?
1182
201
When did Guy repel an invasion by Saladin?
1182
## Footnote
Criticism for not engaging led to his rush to battle at Hattin.
202
When was the crusading bull by Pope Lucius issued?
1184
## Footnote
No crusade actually occurs.
203
When does Baldwin IV die?
1185
## Footnote
His will states Baldwin V to take the throne.
204
When does Raymond III negotiate a truce with Saladin?
1185
## Footnote
Meant to last 4 years.
205
When is Saladin recognised as overlord of Mosul?
1185
206
When does Baldwin V die?
1186
## Footnote
Guy and Sibylla take power next.
207
When was the battle of Cresson?
1187
## Footnote
Templar and Hospitaller forces met Saladin and were decimated.
208
When was the battle of Hattin?
1187
## Footnote
Catastrophic Frankish defeat; all major leaders captured.
209
What cities did Saladin take in the aftermath of Hattin?
* Tiberias
* Acre
* Nablus
* Jaffa
* Sidon
* Beirut
* Ascalon
* Jerusalem
* Kerak
* Safed
* Belvoir
210
When did Richard I take Cyprus?
1191
## Footnote
Sold to the Templars for 100,000 bezants.
211
When was the siege of Acre?
1189-1191
212
What were the terms for the surrender of Acre to the Third Crusade?
* 2000 gold dinars paid
* 1500 Frankish prisoners released
* Defenders allowed lives
213
When did Philip leave the third Crusade?
August 1191
## Footnote
Left due to poor health and opportunity to increase royal authority.
214
Where did Richard go after the siege of Acre during the third crusade?
Jaffa, in 1191
215
Why did Richard massacre his Muslim prisoners after Acre?
Saladin slow to pay; killed 3000 due to lack of food.
216
When is the battle of Arsuf?
1191
## Footnote
Saladin retreats due to a cavalry charge.
217
In what year did the Third crusade march on Jerusalem twice?
1192
## Footnote
Turned back realizing Jerusalem could not be held.
218
Who holds Tyre after Hattin?
Conrad of Montferrat
## Footnote
Killed in 1192 by two assassins.
219
What cities is the third Crusade able to take?
* Acre
* Jaffa
* Ascalon
* Darum
220
When did Richard leave Outremer?
1192
## Footnote
Signed a three-year truce with Saladin.
221
Who remains king of Jerusalem by the end of the third Crusade?
Henry of Champagne
222
Who had Byzantium lost land to by 1203?
* Hungary
* Bulgaria
* Seljuks
223
Between 1180 and 1204, how many Byzantine emperors had there been?
6
224
What was the name of the bull for the third crusade?
Audita tremendi
## Footnote
Issued in 1187.
225
What was the name of the bull for the fourth crusade?
Post Miserabile
## Footnote
Issued in 1198.
226
What was the deal made for the fourth crusade at Venice? With who?
* Transport for 4500 horses
* 9000 squires
* 4500 knights
* 20,000 foot soldiers
* Cost: 85,000 marks
## Footnote
Made by Villehardouin.
227
When was the siege of Zara?
1202
## Footnote
Occurred because crusaders could not pay their end of the deal.
228
Why was the siege of Zara bad?
Ruled by Christian king Emeric; led to excommunication of the crusading army.
229
What deal did Alexius offer the fourth crusaders?
* Byzantine empire under Roman authority
* 200,000 silver marks paid
* Go on crusade with 10,000 men
* Supply provisions for the crusade
## Footnote
His father, Isaac, was overthrown.
230
What was the result of the first siege of Constantinople?
Alexius got back into power but refused to fulfill his end of the deal.
## Footnote
Happened in 1203.
231
When was the second siege of Constantinople?
1204
## Footnote
Resulted in the sack of Constantinople.
232
How was the loot from the sack of Constantinople distributed?
* 3/8 to crusaders
* 3/8 to Venetians
* 1/4 to Latin emperor
233
Who was given territory after the fourth crusade?
* Baldwin of Flanders made Latin emperor
* Boniface given Cyprus
234
When was the battle of Adrianople?
1205
## Footnote
Outcome: Emperor Baldwin blinded.
235
When did the Latin empire fall?
1261
236
What were indulgences in the fourth crusade?
Allowed people to pay for remission of sins without going on crusade.
237
What caused the massive following of the people's crusade? When did they leave?
Belief that the end of the world was near, desire to escape hardships.
## Footnote
Set off in 1096.
238
What did the people's crusade do in Germany?
Massacred Jews in the Rhine.
239
What happened to the people's crusade?
Massacred while traveling to Nicaea.
240
How was Manuel hostile to Venetians?
Ordered attacks on Venetian merchants, property, and ships in 1171.
241
What happened to the Holy Roman contingent of the third Crusade?
Frederick Barbarossa died in 1190, causing many to return by sea.
242
Who was blamed for the failure of the second crusade?
St Bernard blamed sins of crusaders; French leaders accused Manuel of collusion.
243
What alliance was formed by Manuel after the second Crusade?
Alliance with Conrad III, marrying Conrad's sister Bertha.
244
When was the German crusade?
1197
## Footnote
Led by Henry VI.
245
What was the outcome of the German crusade?
Henry VI died before departure; remaining forces captured Sidon and Beirut in 1198.
246
When did Baldwin IV give Raynald control of the government and military of Jerusalem?
1177
247
When was the rebellion against Baldwin IV in Jerusalem?
1180
## Footnote
Outcome: Baldwin IV arranged for Sibylla to marry Guy instead.
248
When did Baldwin IV intend to annul Sybilla's marriage to Guy?
1184
## Footnote
Failed because both refused summons to court.
