Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

5th yr- CMS2 > salivary gland disorders > Flashcards

salivary gland disorders Flashcards

(85 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

How do we examine salivary glands

A
  1. Inspection from the front, side and hind the patient
  2. Compare left and right
  3. Palpate the submandibular gland
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How many minor salivary glands are there in the oral mucosa

A

450 distributed throughout the mucosae, lips, cheeks, palates, floor of mouth and retro molar pad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is saliva made up of

A

99.4% Water
0.6% Minerals and proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What makes up the inorganic portion of saliva

A
  1. Sodium
  2. Potassium
  3. Chloride
  4. Bicarbonate
  5. Hydrogen
  6. Iodine
  7. Flouride
  8. Calcium phospahte
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What makes up the organic portion of saliva

A
  1. Urea
  2. Uric acid
  3. Amino acids
  4. Glucose
  5. Lactase
  6. Fatty acids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What makes up the macromolecules of saliva

A
  1. Serum protein
  2. Glycoproteins
  3. Perioxidases
  4. Amylase
  5. Lysozyme
  6. Lipase
  7. IgA, IgG, IgM
  8. Hormones
  9. Carbohydrates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How can we investigate salivary gland disease

A
  1. Sialometry
  2. Plane film radiography
  3. Ultrasounds
  4. Bloods
  5. MRI
  6. Biopsies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does a sjogrens screen involve

A

1, FBC
2. HbA1c
3. Serum ACE levels
4. Serum immunoglobulins and electrophoresis
5. Hepatitis C serology and HIV serology if clinically suspicious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is ultrasonography

A

High frequency sound waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is ultrasonography good for identifying

A
  1. Solid lesions
  2. Cysts
  3. Textural changes in Sjogrens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is retrograde sialography

A

Radiographic examination of the ductal system using radio iodide as a contrast medium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What can retrograde sialography show

A
  1. Strictures
  2. Sialectasia (ductal dilatation)
  3. Filling defects
  4. Calculi, mucus pluds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Sialometry

A

Collection and investigation of whole saliva
Patient expectorates all saliva produced without forcing it for a timed 5 or 10 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When might biopsies be indicated

A
  1. Excision for minor salivary glands
  2. Incisional for major salivary swellings
  3. A minor labial salivary gland biopsies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some symptoms for salivary gland problems

A
  1. Swelling
  2. Pain
  3. Discharge from duct
  4. Decreased saliva (Xerostomia)
  5. Increased saliva (Sialorrhoea)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How can we describe swellings in the salivary glands

A
  1. Localised vs generalised
  2. Unilateral or bilateral
  3. Persistent or transient
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Give examples of salivary gland diseases we need to know about

A
  1. Obstructive Salivary Gland disease
  2. Xerostomia
  3. Sialorrhoea
  4. Sarcoidosis/HIV/GvHD related salivary gland disease
  5. Cancers
  6. Benign neoplasias e.g. pleomorphic adenoma and Warthin’s tumour
  7. Benign cysts/pseudocysts
  8. Acute/chronic sialadenitis
  9. Frey ’s syndrome
  10. Developmental abnormalities e.g. atresia or hypoplasia
  11. Primary and Secondary Sjogren’s syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is obstructive salivary gland disease due to

A
  1. Calculi
  2. Strictures
  3. Infections
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does sialadenitis

A

Inflammation of the salivary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What can sialadenitis be split into

A
  1. Infective sialadenitis
  2. Obstructive sialadenitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are salivary gland calculi termed

A

Sialoliths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the most common cause of obstructive sialadenitis in major glands

A

Calculi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What can structured be caused by

A

Trauma to the duct followed by fibrosis and often occur in conjunction with other pathologies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How can localised strictures be treated

A

Balloon dilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What can acute obstruction be caused
Usually calculus or mucus plugs
26
What can acute obstruction present as
Recurrent pre prandial, painful swelling of a major salivary glands
27
How do we manage asymptomatic calculi
Acceptably to leave and monitor
28
How do we manage symptomatic calculi
1. If they are small we can remove by incising the duct and releasing the stone 2. Larger distal stones can be retrieved endoscopically via lithotripsy or by removal of the whole gland
29
What are the risks involved in surgical management of submandibular glands
1. Damage to marginal mandibular nerve Damage to the lingual nerve (leads to diminished somatic sensory sensation to the lingual tissues) Damage to the hypoglossal nerve (leads to diminished motor function to tongue; tongue deviates to affected side)
30
What are the risks involved with surgical management of submandibular glands
1. Damage to marginal mandibular nerve 2. Damage to the lingual nerve 3. Damage to the hypoglossal nerve
31
What can damage to the marginal mandibular nerve lead to
Diminished motor innervation of muscles that depress and evert the whereas muscles that elevate the lower lip continue to act normally
32
What can damage to the Lingual nerve lead to
Leads to diminished somatic sensory sensation to the lingual tissues
33
What can damage to the hypogloassal nerve lead to
leads to diminished motor function to tongue; tongue deviates to affected side
34
What are the risks involved with surgical management of parotid glands
Damage to facial nerve Freys Syndrome
35
What can happen if the facial nerve is damaged
may lead to unilateral facial weakness of all branches
36
Define xerostomia
Subjective perception of a dry mouth
37
Define hypo-salivation
Objective reduced saliva production
38
What can xerostomia be due to
1. Iatrogenic due to medication 2. Diabetes mellitus 3. Anxiety related 4. Mouth breathing 5. Dehydration 6. Irradiation to the salivary glands 7. Acute infection 8. Recreational drug use 9. Endogenous salivary gland disease eg sjogrens
39
How can drugs suppress saliva production
1. Central effects in the brain 2. Anti muscarinic effects 3. Sympathomimetics
40
Give examples of drugs that commonly cause xerostomia
1. Tricyclic depressants 2. MAOIs 3. Antihistamines 4. Diuretics 5. Antipsychotics 6. Antiparkinsonian
41
How can we manage dry mouth
1. Smoking cessation 2. Minimise alcohol intake 3. Increase plain water consumption 4. Avoid caffeinated drinks 5. Sugar free chewing gum 6. Use of high fluoride concentration toothpaste 7. Increased frequency of dental check up 8. Identify and treat oral candidoses 9. Stringent OHI and Periodontal treatment 10. Salivary substitutes
42
Give examples of saliva substitutes we may prescribe
1. Glandosane 2. BioXtra 3. Salica Ortana
43
What are the limitations of galndosane
Is acidic so only use in edentulous patients to prevent tooth erosion
44
What are the limitaitons of BioXtra
made from cow’s milk proteins so there may be reasons why it is unsuitable for a patient due to religious or dietary preferences
45
What are the limitations of saliva orthana
produced from porcine proteins so may not be acceptable to Muslim or Jewish patients etc
46
Define Ptyalism
Too much saliva
47
What can true Ptyalism be due to
1. Acute viral infection 2. Parkinsons, cerebral palsy 3. Rabies 4. Pregnancy 5. Teething 6. New dentures 7. Pancreatitis 8. Poisoning with mercury, copper, arsenic
48
How do we manage of sialorrhoea
Anti muscarinis Botulinum toxin A Surgical management eg excision of the glands (extreme)
49
What is sarcoidosis
Chronic multi system non-caseating granulomatous inflammatory disease of unknown cause which may cause salivary Galen swelling or xerostomia
50
In whom are HIV salivary gland diseases more commonly seen in
Children with HIV
51
How does HIV salivary gland disease present
Usually involves uni/ bilateral parotid gland swelling
52
What is graft versus host disease (GvHD) a consequence of
Transplants May affect multiple organ systems
53
What is commonly seen in graft versus host disease (GvHD)
Xerostomia and oral lichenoid lesions Generalised mucosal inflammation, candidness and oral hairy leukoplakia
54
Give examples of benign neoplasms
pleomorphic adenomas, Warthin’s tumour
55
Give examples of malignant neoplasms
Primary tumours such as: 1. Lymphoma 2. mucoepidermoid (COMMON in parotid gland) 3. adenoid cystic carcinomas (common in submandibular gland)
56
Which cells in the salivary gland are more susceptible to radiotherapy
Serous cells are more susceptible to damage from mucus cells
57
What can happen to saliva production in pts undergoing radiotherapy
Saliva production drops and the saliva has a thick quality with altered biochemistry
58
Where are Pleomorphic adenoma seen most commonly
More commonly in the parotid Typically slowly enlarges over many years
59
What is a mucoceles
A cyst of a minor salivary gland
60
What is a ranula
A sialocyst arising in the floor of the mouth from one of the sublingual glands
61
how are ranulas usually mamboed
Marsupialisation or rarely excision
62
What can acute or chronic sialadenitis be caused by
Viral cause such as mumps, cytomegalovirus or HIV
63
What can mumps cause orally
Can cause dramatic self limiting swelling of glandular tissue with an associated with transient xerostomia
64
Which gland is more commonly affected by acute sialadenitis
Parotid
65
Which gland is more commonly affected by chronic sialadenitis
Submandibular
66
What is acute bacterial sialadenitis signs of
Acute inflammation pt may be systemically unwell and may have a foul taste in the mouth
67
How can we manage acute bacterial sialadenitis
1. Antibiotics 2. Hydration and anti paretics 3. Maintain oral hygiene
68
Describe Chronic Bacterial Sialadenitis:
Typically low grade problem that eveovled over months Chronically inflamed glands that becomes progressively more fibrosed
69
What is Chronic Bacterial Sialadenitis often associated with
Calculi or strictures
70
How might glands suffering from Chronic Bacterial Sialadenitis feel
Fibroses and small
71
What are other terms for Freys syndrome
Gustatory sweating or auriculotemporal syndrome
72
What is Freys syndrome common after
Parotid surgery Thight to result from surgical damage to the autonomic nerves supplying salivary and skin sweat glads
73
What is Freys syndrome
An inappropriate facial sweating and flushing in the distribution of the auriculotemporal nerve
74
Describe sjogrens syndrome
A chronic multisystem inflammatory disease with a high morbidity more commonly seen in women It affects internal exocrine tissues in the pancreas bowel and kidneys
75
Give examples of systemic features in sjogrens
1. Gernalsied fatigue 2. Inflammatory disease 3. Raynaud's phenomenon 4. Thyroditis 5. Anaemia
76
Give examples of symptoms of xerostimia
1. Nutritional deficiencies 2. Difficult swallowing/ chewing dry food 3. Sensitivity to spicy food 4. Altered salty bitter metalic taste 5. Burning mucosa 6. Lack or diminished taste 7. Salivary gland swelling or pain 8. Cough 9. Voice disturbance 10. Nocturnal discomfort 11. Altered quality of saliva 12. Difficulty speaking
77
Describe the oral mucosa in sjogrens syndrome
dry, atrophic, wrinkled, ulcerated, increased debris, sticky when trying to move mirror around the mouth, frothy saliva, lack of pooling of saliva in the floor of the mouth
78
Describe the tongue in sjogrens syndrome
Dry, red, lobulated, loss of papilla
79
Describe the tongue in sjogrens syndrome
increased caries experience, failed restorations, frequent tooth/restoration fractures
80
Describe the tongue in sjogrens syndrome
firm on palpation if swollen
81
What is sicca syndrome
A term used to describe patients who complain of dry eyes and or dry mouth but dont fulfil the criteria for sjogrens syndrome
82
How can we manage sjogrens
1. Palliative measures such as lubrication, hood OH 2. Therapeutic measures such as pilocarpine and immunomodulating afters
83
What is sialosis
Painless enlargement of the major salivary glands
84
Give some features of sialosis
1. Usually bilateral and symmetrical 2. Usually affects the parotids 3. Soft to palpate 4. No xerostomia 5. No fever 6. No trismus
85
What is sialosis associated with
Alcoholism Endocrine

5th yr- CMS2 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions