Salmon Kurlansky Flashcards

Question

hatcheries (fish)

Answer 1

A fish hatchery is a place for artificial breeding, hatching, and rearing through the early life stages of animals—finfish and shellfish in particular. The obvious advantage of hatchery fish is that while they are being raised they are protected from predators and other calamities. In their formative stages, wild salmon have a very high death rate; only a few make it to sea. The great idea of hatcheries is that they can get far more smolts to sea and greatly increase the productivity of the river. Hatcheries were operating in England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland, Canada, and the United States. It seemed that hatcheries could bring trout and salmon even to places that never had any, such as Australia and New Zealand. The British became great purveyors of hatchery eggs to other countries, and it was a profitable business. MD - the word hatch- ery - suffix for nouns meaning goods or products, it's artificial picture a fish coming out of an egg, before that is the artificial breeding - female fish and male fish above a bowl, and after that it is fish in a tank being fed with no predators.

Answer 2

Salmon can't survive in lower latitudes because they need cold water. Global warming is making the water in the salmon's lower latitude ranges uninhabitable. "Salmon need cold water so it means that they can't survive in lower latitudes Salmon need cold water, and climate change has been warming waterways like the Fraser River. The decline in fish proportionate to the rise in temperature is verifiable. The response to this, over the objection of some scientists, was to build hatcheries."

Answer 3

An intervention in a complex system tends to create unanticipated and often undesirable outcomes.[9 More recently, the law of unintended consequences has come to be used as an adage or idiomatic warning that an intervention in a complex system tends to create unanticipated and often undesirable outcomes.[9][10][11][12] Akin to Murphy's law, it is commonly used as a wry or humorous warning against the hubristic belief that humans can fully control the world around them. "Climate change is a spectacular example of the law of unintended consequences at work. This notion, that any change made by humans will have a variety of impacts that were not foreseen, is particularly tormenting to biologists who consider alterations to the environment. If fossil fuels such as oil or coal are burned, carbon goes into the air, where it attracts oxygen—two atoms of oxygen attach to every atom of carbon. This creates carbon dioxide, a leading cause of climate change." example The Australian government’s effort to protect local vegetation by destroying the rabbit population on an island near Antarctica backfired terribly, bringing the island to the brink of an “ecosystem meltdown” and threatening local bird species with extinction. The plan achieved its narrow objective: in just over ten years, the rabbit population had dropped from 100,000 to just 10,000. However, in terms of the broader objective of the policy—strengthening the ecosystem of Macquarie Island—the rabbit extermination was a disaster. It turned out that the rabbits had been the primary food source for the island’s population of feral cats, and with the rabbits all but eliminated, the cats began to aggressively hunt the island’s population of seabirds. The cats quickly began to decimate the seabird population, hunting the native bird species to the brink of extinction.2 MD - Macquarie Island killing rabbits to protect the vegetation led to the decimation of seabirds. predators like wolves authorities introduced the deadly Myxoma virus in an attempt to kill off the rabbits, the population had reached more than 100,000. The strategy worked; by the 1980s, the rabbit population had fallen to less than 20,000. But that meant that the cats, which had depended on the rabbits as a food source, began eating seabirds instead.

Answer 4

About a third of the carbon dioxide in the air is absorbed by the sea, where it produces a chemical reaction that makes the water more acidic. Specifically, it causes an increase in hydrogen ions and a decrease in carbonate. MD - show a pic of 1/3 of CO2 getting absorbed by the ocean leading to arrow up for hydrogen ions and arrow down for carbonate CO3

Answer 5

The lack of carbonate ions diminishes the ability for growth in shellfish, coral, and certain plankton. These animals are important food for fish. The lack of carbonate also diminishes the ability of fish to detect predators. MD shellfish, coral, and plankton. Show picture of coccolithophore, shellfish, and plankton all with CO32- and then show hungry fish with empty plate.

Answer 6

But this warming is also causing ice to melt, making seawater less salty. Salmon take cues from temperature and salinity for the various stages of their life cycle, including when to spawn, and thus are becoming confused. It makes the water less salty Carbon dioxide is also causing a warming of air and water. This is a problem for a fish, such as salmon, that requires cold water. But this warming is also causing ice to melt, making seawater less salty. Salmon take cues from temperature and salinity for the various stages of their life cycle, including when to spawn, and thus are becoming confused. This problem has been growing for a long time. Climate change is rapidly changing the North Atlantic, and given the interconnected nature of the oceans, what threatens zooplankton, capelin, cod, and salmon—throughout the food web—imperils everything. We don’t know what all of it means. MD ice cube melting into a cup of salt water making it less salty. picture 1 salt concentrated, picture 2 salt less concentrated b/c water level is higher.

Answer 7

The Northwest Passage (NWP) is the sea route between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans through the Arctic Ocean, along the northern coast of North America via waterways through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.[1][2][3][4] The eastern route along the Arctic coasts of Norway and Siberia is accordingly called the Northeast Passage (NEP). "The waterway in North America between the Atlantic and Pacific that so many Europeans searched for and that Lewis and Clark failed to find, has been discovered by salmon. And In mid-August 2016, the southern route through the Passage was nearly ice-free. For most of the year, the Northwest Passage is frozen and impassible. But during the summer months, the ice melts and breaks up to varying degrees. What is the significance of salmon colonizing previously frozen rivers on the North Slope of Alaska, or the fact that some of these new colonists in the Pacific are Atlantic salmon? Because of Earth’s warming, that Northwest Passage for which so many Europeans searched, the waterway in North America between the Atlantic and Pacific that Lewis and Clark failed to find, has been discovered by salmon. And if their range is expanding northward, what will happen to the southern end of the salmon’s range—California’s Klamath River, Maritime Canada’s Miramichi, the Connecticut River, the rivers of France and Spain, or those of Japan? And what would be the impact of that on the natural order in these places? MD - Waterway in North America (not south) connecting the atlantic to the Pacific that so many Europeans tried to find. The europeans were coming from the Atlantic and new that there was a pacific on the other side of the continent.

Answer 8

a young salmon or sea trout about two years old that is at the stage of development when it assumes the silvery color of the adult and is ready to migrate to the sea. "It will probably expose smolts to increased predation by parasites, which favor warmer water, and by other fish. This has already been seen in northern Atlantic Canada where striped bass, also an anadromous species, are entering rivers where they have never been before and devouring large numbers of salmon smolts." MD - use picture of smolt and fry and marshmellow

Answer 9

ascending rivers from the sea for breeding. "It will probably expose smolts to increased predation by parasites, which favor warmer water, and by other fish. This has already been seen in northern Atlantic Canada where striped bass, also an anadromous species, are entering rivers where they have never been before and devouring large numbers of salmon smolts. " MD - Think the A in anadramous - same A in ascending.

Answer 10

a diminished species is more likely to head towards extinction. "And the nonexistence of species makes it more likely for other species to become extinct. Darwin pointed out that the smaller the population of a species, the more likely it is to fail to compete and to become extinct. In other words, a diminished species—and that describes many of the animal species we know of —is headed for extinction. The other part of his equation is that the fewer species in existence, the more difficult it is for each individual species to survive. So extinction becomes ever more frequent. u Many birds - thumbs up , one bird left arrow extinction

Answer 11

The variety of life in a particular ecosystem. This concept, that a great variety must exist for the natural order to work, was labeled “biodiversity” by evolutionary biologist Edward Osborne Wilson in the 1980s. The species and genera and families—even the kingdoms—are so intertwined that they depend on one another, and when one is gone, many feel that loss. It is why we no longer talk of the “food chain” but of the “food web.” ... Md - diversity, we're talking about a variety of ethnicities in a community. with biodiversity we're talking about a variety of organisms in an ecosystem. picture - mexican, white person, chinese person, and black perosn, snake, snail, beaver, tree Let's imagine each ethnicity has a certain job. white people fill the gum drop, but so do mexican people. If white people fall sick to some disease, people of mexican descent can fill gum ball machines and children can remain happy. v biodiversity - we're talking about a variety of

Answer 12

Suburban sprawl, also called urban sprawl, is the spread of urbanized areas into the rural landscape. It can be recognized by low-density single-family homes and new road networks spreading into the wild lands and agricultural fields outside of cities. This list includes stopping deforestation; putting an end to suburban sprawl; stopping the killing of bears, wolves, beavers, eagles, and other wild species; putting an end to both land-based and marine pollution; stopping and even reversing climate change; and ending the damming of rivers while dismantling existing dams. We also need to either reduce energy consumption or derive it from renewables. We need to eliminate the burning of fossil fuels, which causes carbon emissions; eliminate hydro-electrical power, which blocks rivers; and stop the use of nuclear power, which heats water. And farmers have to stop using pesticides. Irrigation needs to be more carefully controlled. And cattle should not be allowed to graze by rivers. Homes and roads—and even hiking trails—should not be near riverbanks. Hatcheries should stop diminishing the genetic diversity of the stocks and fish farming has to stop spreading diseases. And marine mammals must be preserved but not allowed to become too populous. And after we have accomplished all this, the salmon will be saved. MD - sub of suburban means proximate. so a suburban is proximate to an urban center. and then nature. show a map of urban and suburban concentric circles spreading into nature. and then a second identical concentric cirlce showing density level going down from urban to suburban to show that it can also be characterized by low density single family homes and new road networks spreading into wild lands and agricultural fields outside of city. Sow a big home being plopped down on top of a coyote and avocado farmer. to urban Given that most of the common words in our language beginning sub- tend to have meanings concerned with “beneath” (as in subterranean and submarine) or “less than” (as with subpar), you would be forgiven for assuming that the suburbs were so named because of their location below, or their status as less than, their urban counterparts. Not so, however: sub- may have other meanings at the beginning of a word; in this case, it indicates not depth or inferiority, but proximity. In other words, the suburbs are a region close to the urbs. Is urbs an English word? Yes; it is rarely used, but it refers typically to a city, particularly when distinguished from a suburb.

Answer 13

Coal, crude oil, and natural gas are all considered fossil fuels because they were formed from the fossilized, buried remains of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago. Because of their origins, fossil fuels have a high carbon content. This list includes stopping deforestation; putting an end to suburban sprawl; stopping the killing of bears, wolves, beavers, eagles, and other wild species; putting an end to both land-based and marine pollution; stopping and even reversing climate change; and ending the damming of rivers while dismantling existing dams. We also need to either reduce energy consumption or derive it from renewables. We need to eliminate the burning of fossil fuels, which causes carbon emissions; eliminate hydro-electrical power, which blocks rivers; and stop the use of nuclear power, which heats water. And farmers have to stop using pesticides. Irrigation needs to be more carefully controlled. And cattle should not be allowed to graze by rivers. Homes and roads—and even hiking trails—should not be near riverbanks. Hatcheries should stop diminishing the genetic diversity of the stocks and fish farming has to stop spreading diseases. And marine mammals must be preserved but not allowed to become too populous. And after we have accomplished all this, the salmon will be saved. MD - coal, crude oil, and natural gas - who fossilized burried remains of animals.

Answer 14

"Salmonidae became a distinct family of fin fish about 100 million years ago, and some early form of salmon lived at the time of dinosaurs. The Salmonidae, Eosalmo driftwoodensis, has only been seen as fossilized bones discovered in a lake bed." MD - idae - suffix indicating taxonomic families. salmonidae became a distinct family of fin fish. we got fins and we're salmon colored. dinosaur (t rex eating an early form of salmon. like ostreidae and pteriidae. distinkct family of fin fish about 100 million years ago. 1. early form of salmon lived at the time of dinosaurs. salmon on a plate being eaten by a t-rex 2. 100 million years ago salmonidae becomes a distinct family of fin fish. 3. up until 20 million years ago, salmon were able to cross between Pacific and Atlantic Oceans via the northern sea above the continents.

Answer 15

Up until about 20 million years ago, fish such as salmon and cod could swim in a northern sea above the continents into either the Atlantic or Pacific Oceans. That is why such families exist in both oceans. Then the sea froze over and the two oceans were separated. The fish in each ocean evolved differently to suit the characteristics of their sea, resulting in Salmo in the Atlantic and Oncorhynchus in the Pacific. MD - see salmonidae

Answer 16

the study of fish. Ichthyology, the study of fish, is a relatively young science. It did not begin in North America until after the American Revolution, and even then it was focused on eastern, not Pacific, species. Even Sir Humphry Davy got salmon wrong. He was the first to isolate numerous critical elements on the periodic table, such as chlorine and sodium, and he became a godfather of recreational drugs with the discovery of the intoxicating quality of nitrous oxide, which he demonstrated at public gatherings. MD - ich like icky ogy study of and theology creation. some people find fish icky, but

Answer 17

is a genus of fish in the family Salmonidae; it contains the **Pacific salmon** and **Pacific trout**. The name of the genus is derived from the Greek ὄγκος (ónkos, “lump, bend”) + ῥύγχος (rhúnkhos, “snout”), in reference to the hooked jaws of males in the mating season (the "kype"). It wasn’t until 1866 that Albert Günther, a German zoologist at the British Museum, used the word Oncorhynchus, for the genus, derived from the Greek onkos, meaning hook, and rynchos, meaning nose. Günther used entirely different names for the species, but while his genus name eventually prevailed, scientists quickly returned to Walbaum’s sometimes-difficult Russian species names. MD- encore for a rink. Picture the west coast having an encore for a skating rink! It's new for them not like the east coast where skate rinks are common. People in the stands whouting out "give us another skating rink!!!"

Answer 18

The Chinook salmon /ʃɪˈnʊk/ (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) is the largest species in the Pacific salmon genus Oncorhynchus. The common name refers to the Chinookan peoples. Other vernacular names for the species include king salmon, Quinnat salmon, spring salmon, chrome hog, and Tyee salmon. The largest and most unpronounceable salmon on Earth is the Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, which is more commonly known as a king. In much of the Pacific Northwest it is called Chinook, after the native tribe that very skillfully caught them in the Columbia River and, with equal skill, traded them throughout the region. During the nineteenth century, the king was called Quinault, after a tribe that fished for kings with great success in a river of the same name on Washington’s Olympic Peninsula. MD - A chinookan fishing on the Columbia River in Washington saying "Oh how I'd like to hook a Chinook" for it is the largest in the Pacific salmon Genus Onchorynchus.

Answer 19

The King The Pacific-wide salmon species, king, is now the rarest due to habitat destruction, despite having the greatest range in North America—from the Ventura River in Southern California to Point Hope, the western tip of Alaska’s North Slope. Humans planting king in Chile and New Zealand have extended the southern range. Kings typically weigh between twenty and thirty pounds, but they can weigh as much as 120 pounds or more. They are also the most prized, both for their challenge to sport anglers and their gastronomic quality. Of course, fishermen always have a weakness for whatever is largest. MD - it was said by king louis - As far south as the Ventura River and as far north as the also been planted by humans in Chile and New Zealand extending its range. "The empire on which the sun never sets." Think of a king who has lots of territory, however with over extension comes great risk due to revolution/habitat destruction. show a torch burning a house.

Answer 20

Rainbow trout and steelhead are the same species, but they have different life cycles. Steelhead are anadromous—meaning they spend part of their lives in the sea before going to rivers to breed—while rainbow trout spend their lives mostly or entirely in freshwater. . Just like Pacific salmon, steelhead return to the rivers where they were born to spawn. Unlike salmon, however, they don't necessarily die after that happens — some will actually return to the ocean. GET THIS! Some offspring of two steelhead can stay in freshwater and be resident trout, and two offspring of resident rainbow trout can create a steelhead. Rainbow trout derive their name from their beautiful, multi-hued coloration. Their bodies are blue, green, or yellowish, shading to silvery white on the underside, with a horizontal pink-red stripe running from the gills to the tail and black spots along their backs. Steelhead are generally more streamlined in shape and silvery or brassy in color as adults, earning them their name. "The confusion stems from the fact that a **steelhead starts as a rainbow trout**, which being relatively small, white-fleshed, and fresh water-bound, is unquestionably regarded as a trout. But **then it goes to sea and comes back quite large, with silver skin and red flesh and looks like a salmon**. Biologists have struggled to understand the steelhead, Oncorhynchus mykiss, as shown by the fact that it is sometimes called a **steelhead trout** and sometimes a **steelhead salmon**. It is not even clear why it is called steelhead, though it does have an unusually hard-boned head, so that is thought to be the reason. The term came into common usage in the nineteenth century, before which it had various trout names. Geographic Range: Both rainbow trout and steelhead are native to North America west of the Rockies, but this popular fish has been introduced in almost every other state and on every continent except Antarctica. All rainbow trout and steelhead occupy freshwater streams or lakes at some point in their lives. They use aquatic vegetation, boulders, and wood as protective cover. Steelhead spend the majority of the year in estuaries or open ocean and only return to freshwater to spawn. MD - (Steel is an alloy of iron with typically a few percent of carbon to improve its strength and fracture resistance compared to iron) steel is silvery in color. so steelhead though it is the same species as rainbow trout, it has a different life cycle. It gets its silver skin when it leaves for the ocean (more camouflaged) and comes back with red flesh from its krill diet. while rainbow trout remain in fresh water is different than rainbow trout b so two steelhead salmon creating a resident rainbow trout and then 2 offspring of a rainbow trout creating a steelhead salmon. MD - My kiss. Think of the princess kissing the frog. At least she new it was a frog. Show two rainbow trout parents giving birth to a steelhead and two steelhead parents giving birth to a rainbow trout telling the princess that they can't promise what she'll end up kissing to make prince.

Answer 21

Oceans have more food than freshwater streams. "There has been some debate as to whether salmon was an ocean fish that evolved into some freshwater habits or a freshwater fish that learned to go to sea, perhaps in search of a better diet." MD - Big fish in a small pond, I need more food. I want to go to the ocean where there is more food.!

Answer 22

Because they have an unstoppable ability to adapt. When confronted with environmental changes, they make genetic adjustments. "Why did salmon develop so many distinct species? Because they have an unstoppable ability to adapt. When confronted with environmental changes, they make genetic adjustments. This is seen not only in the diverse species, but also in the many genetic variations within a species. The difference in DNA between one person and another is far less than the variation between two salmon of the same species from different rivers." 1. unstoppable ability to adapt 2. Not enough food in this river? - (confronted with environmental changes) 3. I'll just change my color and adjust my gills so that I can go to the ocean - (genetic adjustment)

Answer 23

The term fish stock usually refers to a particular fish population that is more or less isolated from other stocks of the same species "Each stock exhibits distinct behavior patterns and times its departure and return uniquely. In the Pacific Northwest, some Native Americans claim they can distinguish one stock from another by the taste of the fish. At what point the differences between two stocks become great enough to call it another species is a subject of intense debate for biologists." MD - Think of stock as a share of the company. There are many stocks that represent isolated units more or less isolated from the other stocks of the company.

Answer 24

of an animal : to return accurately to one's native area of place of birth or origin from a distance "It is homing, this trait of always returning to a specific birthplace, that creates the diversity in salmon genetics. Salmon are supposed to return to the river of their birth, the river for which they are perfectly adapted. But a few fail to do that and wander off to other rivers—known as straying. Far from a design flaw, straying strengthens the species. They find rivers that are suitable that have not yet been used, perhaps because they only recently became suitable. For instance, if a dam is dismantled in a river that is barren but once had salmon, straying can help to recolonize it. Climate change has warmed some rivers in northern Russia and the North slope of Alaska that had previously been completely frozen, making them available to straying salmon. Salmon can seize these opportunities. Once strays move into the new river, a new stock is created with characteristics suitable for that particular river." MD - homing - think of a homerun. You start at plate, you venture out to second base 1. retrun home accurately 2. to your native area or place of birth (if your mike trout you were born at the plate).

Answer 25

Salmon are supposed to return to the river of their birth, the river for which they are perfectly adapted. But a few fail to do that and wander off to other rivers—known as straying. Far from a design flaw, straying strengthens the species. They find rivers that are suitable that have not yet been used, perhaps because they only recently became suitable. For instance, if a dam is dismantled in a river that is barren but once had salmon, straying can help to recolonize it. "It is homing, this trait of always returning to a specific birthplace, that creates the diversity in salmon genetics. Salmon are supposed to return to the river of their birth, the river for which they are perfectly adapted. But a few fail to do that and wander off to other rivers—known as straying. Far from a design flaw, straying strengthens the species. They find rivers that are suitable that have not yet been used, perhaps because they only recently became suitable. For instance, if a dam is dismantled in a river that is barren but once had salmon, straying can help to recolonize it. Climate change has warmed some rivers in northern Russia and the North slope of Alaska that had previously been completely frozen, making them available to straying salmon. Salmon can seize these opportunities. Once strays move into the new river, a new stock is created with characteristics suitable for that particular river." MD - pic - 1. many cats returning home with strays wandering in different directions shown by arrows. 2. ending up in homes with loving families and fish in cat bowl. Think of stray cats. Now think back to when they were domestic cats. 1. Domestic cats are supposed to return to their homes (place of birth) 2. but a few fail to do that and wander off 3. (far from a design flaw) this allows them to discover new homes that may have had a mean family in them, but now have a nice family in them cat gets food and love (they discover rivers that are suitable that have not been used perhaps because they were not suitable).

Answer 26

the attribution of human characteristics or behavior to a god, animal, or object. "In the science of biology, anthropomorphism is not welcome, though even the greatest biologist, Charles Darwin, occasionally gave in to the urge. Ascribing human traits to a fish makes no more sense than ascribing fish traits to a human. But an examination of the life of the salmon fills us with awe and admiration, and it is difficult to avoid that most human of descriptions—heroic." MD - Anthropomorphism derives from its verb form anthropomorphize, itself derived from the Greek ánthrōpos (ἄνθρωπος, lit. "human") and morphē (μορφή, "form"). It is first attested in 1753, originally in reference to the heresy of applying a human form to the Christian God. MD - show an ant throwing the poem. 1. anger human characteristic 2. ant throwing a poem - behaviro.

Answer 27

producing or capable of producing an abundance of offspring or new growth; "For centuries it has been believed that the number of eggs showed the fecundity of the species. Darwin pointed out that this was wrong, and many scientists have since confirmed that. Nature hedges bets on survival. The goal of most species is to have two successful offspring from a mating, i.e., two offspring that survive long enough to mate themselves. A large number of eggs does not indicate a fecund population but instead that offspring are unlikely to survive." MD FERTILE, FECUND, FRUITFUL, PROLIFIC mean producing or capable of producing offspring or fruit. FERTILE implies the power to reproduce in kind or to assist in reproduction and growth fertile soil ; applied figuratively, it suggests readiness of invention and development. a fertile imagination FECUND emphasizes abundance or rapidity in bearing fruit or offspring. a fecund herd FRUITFUL adds to FERTILE and FECUND the implication of desirable or useful results. fruitful research PROLIFIC stresses rapidity of spreading or multiplying. MD - get your fecund, missy elliot. someone who regularly get's their fec und is producing or capable of producing an abundance of offspring or new growth.

Answer 28

The goal of most species is to have two successful offspring from a mating, i.e., two offspring that survive long enough to mate themselves. A large number of eggs does not indicate a fecund population but instead that offspring are unlikely to survive. "For centuries it has been believed that the number of eggs showed the fecundity of the species. Darwin pointed out that this was wrong, and many scientists have since confirmed that. Nature hedges bets on survival. The goal of most species is to have two successful offspring from a mating, i.e., two offspring that survive long enough to mate themselves. A large number of eggs does not indicate a fecund population but instead that offspring are unlikely to survive." MD - picture of salmon and cod MD - Show oysters versus the great blue heron. As a rule, ten average females produce about 200 million eggs.

Answer 29

a large number of eggs indicates that offspring are UNLIKELY to survive. Whereas a small number of eggs indicates that offspring are MORE LIKELY to survive. "A large number of eggs does not indicate a fecund population but instead that offspring are unlikely to survive." MD - SALMON RELEASE FEWER EGGS THAN COD because the freshwater habitat is more likely to lead to successful production. md - picture of salmon and cod

Answer 30

an element intermediate in properties between the typical metals and nonmetals oid - resembling. resembling metal mongoloid resembles a large group of people from region ruled by Genghis Khan, but aren't necesarily mongolian

Answer 31

The carrying capacity of an environment is the maximum population size of a biological species that can be sustained in that specific environment, given the food, habitat, water, and other resources available. birth rate = death rate. the highest population a particular environment can fit. MD - think of a bridge's carrying capacity 1. maximum weigh (but in biology population) draw ostriges on the bridge and that can be sustained -\> 2. show just enough food, habitat, water, and other resources available.

Answer 32

the population will rise by the next period.

Answer 33

the population will fall by the next period.

Answer 34

won't change the population.

Answer 35

the catch is sustainable. The population will change, but only until it reaches the line.

Answer 36

this point here allows us to take the maximum amount of fish each period. Taking any hire will result in a declining population.

Answer 37

Sockeye generally travel farther on any river than other species because they spawn near lakes so that their young can retreat into the lakes to grow. MD - Sock in marathon shoes for running the farthest. and eye for spotting the lakes where they must spawn near for their young to retreat in order to grow. The upper river sockeye that travel furthest—in some cases as far as 300 miles upstream—enter the river when water flows are low and less energy is required to swim against the current. Delta stocks migrate 30 miles or less to reach their spawning grounds and generally enter the river last.

Answer 38

is the westernmost province in Canada, located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. With an estimated population of 5.1 million as of 2020, it is Canada's third-most populous province. The capital of British Columbia is Victoria, the fifteenth-largest metropolitan region in Canada, named for Queen Victoria, who ruled during the creation of the original colonies. The largest city is Vancouver, the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada, MD - map,

Answer 39

Similar to copper, several other essential elements are required for biologic functioning, however, an excess amount of such elements produces cellular and tissue damage leading to a variety of adverse effects and human diseases. MD - zinc kictchen sink. Imagine a burrito with everything but the ktichen sink. why'd you put zinc in it? Because zinc, copper and several other essential elements are required for biologic functioning. Too much can terror the tissue the burrito is being held in. and cells of the hand holding it.

Answer 40

In biochemistry, an essential trace element is a dietary element that is needed in very minute quantities for the proper growth, development, and physiology of the organism. The dietary elements or essential trace elements are those that are required to perform vital metabolic activities in organisms. MD - 1. trace - means a very small quantity. 2. show a trace outline of a figure and it growing and developing and show a heart beating

Answer 41

Many heavy metals are essential for plants and animals when present in the growing medium in low concentrations (micronutrients: Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, and Co); they become toxic only when a concentration limit is exceeded (in which case the term ‘heavy metals’ rather than ‘micronutrients’ is used). cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn)

Answer 42

heavy metals have higher densities, atomic numbers, and atomic mass Md - 5 grams/cm3 is sometimes the criteria used to make the list of heavy metals.

Answer 43

a tributary stream of a river close to or forming part of its source: these paths follow rivers right up into their headwaters. MD - draw a girraffe figure with the head being the highest part and a tributary, so it is close to or forms part of its source.

Answer 44

a large marine game fish found in inshore tropical and subtropical waters of the Atlantic and South Pacific. Description: Amberjack is an Atlantic and Pacific fish in the genus Seriola of the family Carangidae. They are a game fish, most often found in the warmer parts of ocean. There are many variations of Amberjack, including greater amberjack, lesser amberjack, Almaco jack, yellowtail, and the banded rudderfish. In the western Atlantic, they are found from Nova Scotia to Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean. Greater amberjack have a dark amber stripe on their head, extending from their nose to their first dorsal (back) fin, which becomes more defined when the fish is excited or feeding. MD -see picture 1. picture giant amber beer (large marine fish) 2. what you drink on the shore and on boat trips (inshore subtropcial and tropical waters of the Atlantic (from Nova Scotia to Brazil (think brahma beer in brazil and nova scotia having lots of scottish amber beer drinking types and South Pacific.)

Answer 45

a line of blood located along the backbone of the fish that often is removed prior to the fish being frozen or further processed. adult fish it is a major artery that carries oxygenated blood from the efferent branchial arteries to branches that supply the body organs It runs along the lateral lines of the fish, on either side of the spine, and although the depth and size of is different in every fish (see the youtube video below for striped bass), it usually doesn’t require too deep of a cut. MD - bloodline, is used to refer to fish line of blood that runs along its spinal cord. Bloodline also can be your heritage. Someone without good heritage lacks a backbone. MD - do a picture of a fish with backbone and efferent arteries and bloodline.

Answer 46

a canal along the side of a fish containing pores that open into tubes supplied with sense organs sensitive to low vibrations. It runs along the lateral lines of the fish, on either side of the spine, and although the depth and size of is different in every fish (see the youtube video below for striped bass), it usually doesn’t require too deep of a cut. MD - 1. line (canal) 2. lateral (a long the side of a fish

Answer 47

If fossil fuels such as oil or coal are burned, carbon goes into the air, where it attracts oxygen—two atoms of oxygen attach to every atom of carbon. This creates carbon dioxide, a leading cause of climate change."

Answer 48

The Northeast Passage (abbreviated as NEP) is, from the European and northern Atlantic point of view, the shipping route to the Pacific Ocean, along the Arctic coasts of Norway and Russia. The western route through the islands of Canada is accordingly called the Northwest Passage (NWP). In 1607, the Muscovy Company of London provided Hudson financial backing based on his claims that he could find an ice-free passage past the North Pole that would provide a shorter route to the rich markets and resources of Asia. Hudson sailed that spring with his son John and 10 companions. They traveled east along the edge of the polar ice pack until they reached the Svalbard archipelago, well north of the Arctic Circle, before hitting ice and being forced to turn back.

Answer 49

living in fresh water and going to the sea to spawn. think of a CAT that swims in rivers. You never see cats at the beach, so the majority of their lives are in freshwater and they swim to the sea to spawn. MD - cat swimming down river, cats in the ocean releasing eggs and sperm.

Answer 50

biodiversity makes an ecosystem more resiliant. If one species is removed, an ecosystem with biodiversity has enough connections between different species that the web won't unravel. Biodiversity boosts ecosystem productivity where each species, no matter how small, all have an important role to play. A larger number of plant species means a greater variety of crops Greater species diversity ensures natural sustainability for all life forms Healthy ecosystems can better withstand and recover from a variety of disasters. MD - show a food chain with shark fish and plankton, remove the fish and shark will die, but if you have another fish that the shark can eat, the food web will be able to survive.

Answer 51

## Footnote at sea but close to the shore: both mackerel and bluefish have returned to inshore waters by now. MD - are you shore it will be here in 50 years? or will it be inshore by then?

Answer 52

the land bordering a usually large body of water specifically : COAST MD -

Answer 53

The southern part of the Pacific Ocean, from the equator to the Antarctic Ocean. The islands of Oceania. MD - map

Answer 54

The efferent branchial arteries serve to return oxygenated blood from the gills. This blood is then distri bused to all parts of the body. Four pairs of arteries may be seen arising from the gills and uniting in the midline to form the median dorsal aorta. Oxygenated blood from the gills is collected by the efferent branchial arteries. MD - do a picture of a fish with backbone and efferent arteries and bloodline.

Answer 55

conducting outward from a part or organ Effluent comes from the Latin verb effluere, "to flow out". In an older meaning, an effluent was a stream flowing out of a river or lake. But nowadays effluent almost always means wastes that pour into our water and air. Liquid factory waste, smoke, and raw sewage can all be called effluents. An effluent filter keeps treated waste flowing out of a septic tank from clogging up its drainage pipes. MD - Think of efferent as effluent it is conducted

Answer 56

of, relating to, or supplying the gills or associated structures or their embryonic precursors NOTE: Greek bránchia is conventionally taken to be from the base of bránchos "hoarseness, sore throat" (as by Frisk, Griechisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch), though the semantic connection is not entirely self-evident, and bránchos is in its turn linked with brónchos "windpipe, throat," though there is no explanation for the change in vowel. If the glosses brachṓdēs: trachýs ("rough, harsh") and brakías: tracheîs tópous ("rough places") in the lexicon of the Greek grammarian Hesychius are relevant, the set of alternations brak-/brach-/branch- suggests pre-Greek substratum (see E. Furnée, Die wichtigsten Konsonantischen Erscheinungen des Vorgriechischen [Mouton, 1972], pp. 128, 276). In the case of all these words both form and meaning may be affected by folk etymology. MD - Think of bronchitis is when the branchial tubes, that' the tubes that supply the lungs with oxygen. draw a person and a fish with gills. "1. of, relating to, or supplying the gills or associated structures or their embryonic precursors" When a person breathes, air comes in through the nose or mouth and then goes into the trachea (windpipe). From there, it passes through the bronchial tubes, which are in the lungs. These tubes let air in and out of your lungs, so you can breathe. The bronchial tubes are sometimes referred to as bronchi or airways

Answer 57

6 or 7 years "The salmon rarely lives more than six or seven years, and some species far fewer. This is unusual for a large, sea- dwelling fish. Cod and halibut live thirty or forty years. Generally, small animals, such as insects, have relatively short lives and large ones, such as humans, elephants, or whales, live much longer. A humpback whale can live to one hundred. Even salmon’s smaller cousins, trout, can live for more than ten years." MD - use life span card with whales to show that salmon though they're same size as cod and larger than trout have shorter life spans. There's a spectrum with whale on one end and fly on another end salmon is very close to the fly while trout and cod are closer to the whale.

Answer 58

"Generally, small animals, such as insects, have relatively **short** lives and large ones, such as humans, elephants, or whales, live much **longer**. A humpback whale can live to one hundred. Even salmon’s smaller cousins, trout, can live for more than ten years." Md - show bowhead whale - 200 years fly - 28 days

Answer 59

a salmon that is ready to go to the estuary to change colors? When salmon become larger and more mature, they grow from anchovy-sized fry to a larger spotted parr and after what may be several years, they are the size of small herring and are called smolts. They have a higher survival rate but might also be eaten as they prepare to go to sea or when they first get to sea. The smolt chooses the right moment to go to the estuary, a dangerous place with hungry birds, to change skin and gills and do everything necessary to become an ocean fish. The salmon goes to sea at a certain time, and this moment changes slightly from year to year, when a high concentration of food is available at sea. This usually occurs in the spring. MD - salmon life line 6 years and then a portion of it - fry anchovy size - several years - larger spotted parr - time at sea 1 - 5 years.es

Answer 60

When there's a high concentration of food available in the sea. This is usually in spring. "The salmon goes to sea at a certain time, and this moment changes slightly from year to year, when a high concentration of food is available at sea. This usually occurs in the spring." MD - salmon returning to spawn in the fall so smolts get out well in advance of this. baseball season. think of spring as when it begins and only the best return for the Fall - playoffs.

Answer 61

of, relating to, or constituting the part of the oceanic zone into which enough light penetrates for photosynthesis It swims near the surface, what is called the epipelagic level, where small fish—as well as salmon in the process of becoming a dominant species—live. Salmon eat crustaceans, squid, and small fish, building up their reserves not only for ocean survival but to become as large and fat and strong as possible for an arduous return to the river. MD - epidermis epi ‘upon’ + derma ‘skin’ MD - epipelagic and epidermis side by side. pelagic zone magic trick to make someone permantely disappear. Outside of the coastal area (beyond the continental shelf) epi is upon. So think of the top section of the pelagic zone being upon it. like epidermis meaning the outer skin.

Answer 62

any of various dark-colored web-footed waterbirds (family Phalacrocoracidae, especially genus Phalacrocorax) that have a long neck, hooked bill, and distensible throat pouch 'Of all salmon-eating birds, cormorants are among the most deadly. They have an even wider range on the planet than salmon, and they prey on young salmon headed for sea. They are such reliable fishers, in fact, that the Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, and Indians have been using them to catch fish since at least 960 CE. Fishermen put them on a leash and train them to follow commands, and a tight neck ring prevents them from swallowing the fish they catch. However, the well-trained ones will not eat the fish even without a ring. Cormorants have long been a symbol of avarice and even evil. Poet John Milton equated them to the devil, and Shakespeare’s character Shylock was named after a cormorant, which in Hebrew is called a “shalach.” ' MD - Cormorant 1. dark-colored web-footed waterbirds (family Phalacrocoracidae, especially genus Phalacrocorax) 2. that have a long neck, 3. hooked bill, and 3. distensible throat pouch. cormorant cursing ants with corn in its mouth. 1. ants- dark colored like ants and have webbed feet for killing ants 2. Corn is long - like the neck and 3. More corn - they have distensible throat pouch able to hold lots of corn.

Answer 63

Largest of the North American herons with subtle blue-gray plumage, long legs, a sinuous neck, and thick, daggerlike bill. Head, chest, and wing plumes give a shaggy appearance. In flight, the Great Blue Heron curls its neck into a tight “S” shape; its wings are widepread its legs trail well beyond the tail. Whether poised at a river bend or cruising the coastline with slow, deep wingbeats, the Great Blue Heron is a majestic sight. This stately heron with its subtle blue-gray plumage often stands motionless as it scans for prey or wades belly deep with long, deliberate steps. They may move slowly, but Great Blue Herons can strike like lightning to grab a fish or snap up a gopher. In flight, look for this widespread heron’s tucked-in neck and long legs trailing out behind. While the public loves the heron, the great blue heron, one of the most impressive to spot, eats mature salmon and trout. In Europe, the gray heron is a leading predator. They are highly skilled fishermen, standing long- legged over pools with their long bill ready to strike, and they are a constant worry to anglers. Heron eat about a third of their body weight every day, and if there were enough of them, they could clean out a river. But, though heron produce five young every year, they never seem to build large populations. Being quite large, the adults are susceptible to only a few predators, such as coyote, fox, and raccoon, but the young have more predators, including eagles, and many animals eat their eggs. Left to its own devices, nature works out a formula for survival. Neither cormorants nor seals nor other predators are likely to eat themselves into extinction by killing off their food supply. Man is the only predator that might do that. MD - 1. Great - (Largest of the North American herons) 2. Blue - (with subtle blue-gray plumage, long legs, a sinuous neck, and thick, daggerlike bill). 3. In flight the cormorants have long slender neck that is held out in flight, but (the Great Blue Heron curls its neck into a tight “S” shape; its wings are widepread its legs trail well beyond the tail).

Answer 64

(Mallotus villosus) is a small forage fish of the smelt family found in the North Atlantic, North Pacific, and Arctic oceans. 1924, in order to protect the salmon on the Grand Cascapédia River in New Brunswick, Canada, officials were paying twenty-five cents a head for killed mergansers and cormorants, which led to a slaughter of the birds. (Cormorants were also nearly driven to extinction by DDT before it was banned.) Today, to the anger of many fishermen, cormorants are protected. Protecting animals that are successful predators is always a controversy. European salmon fishermen complain that the fishing limit on northern mackerel is too low, allowing these vicious predators to kill too many salmon smolts. Seals in particular are resented because they not only eat many commercial fish species but also rip up nets causing a great deal of economic damage to commercial fishermen. Seals also eat the things that the commercial fish eat. Capelin, for example, are important to the diet of both salmon and seals. An unknown number MD -

Answer 65

1. The gravel bed of the salmon's birth may be 60 or many 100s of miles from the mouth. 2. Days, weeks, or months 3. They eat nothing. Depending on the river, the shallow-water gravel bed of their birth may be sixty miles or many hundreds of miles from the mouth. And during the days, weeks, or months that it takes to get there, they will eat nothing. Salmon evolved into this fasting finale. If these large and gluttonous fish entered the river with their old maritime ways, they would clean out the river by the time they spawned. There would not be enough food left in the river to sustain their newborns. Instead they do just the opposite. They take the nutrition from the ocean that they have stored in their bodies and feed it to the river by giving up their bodies, rich in minerals, nitrogen, and food for the river.

Answer 66

Acronym PIES 1. Pools/Flooding - In places with heavy rainfall, such as the Pacific Northwest, Scotland, and Ireland, the forest absorbs water and prevents flooding that might destroy redds. 2. Insects - Wood and leaf debris are vital to the organic composition of a salmon river, as are the insects that trees attract. 3. Erosion - hold the banks. roots keep the dirt from eroding which would create a wide, shallow, slow moving river. 4. Shade - The shade that trees provide is vital because salmon are drawn to it, especially in the summer when the sun makes the unshaded water too warm for the young fry to survive. The willamette River was a series of 5 cahnnels that over 10 years was converted into one large river by removing fallen trees from 50 miles of river. "The Willamette River in Oregon was a series of five channels that was converted into one wide river by removing five thousand trees from fifty miles of river. It took ten years, but when they were done the Willamette was far better for navigation and far worse for salmon. Nature had generally intended salmon rivers to be full of fallen trees. Wood and leaf debris are vital to the organic composition of a salmon river, as are the insects that trees attract. The shade that trees provide is vital because salmon are drawn to it, especially in the summer when the sun makes the unshaded water too warm for the young fry to survive. In places with heavy rainfall, such as the Pacific Northwest, Scotland, and Ireland, the forest absorbs water and prevents flooding that might destroy redds. MD - draw a pie with trees behind it.

Answer 67

The afferent branchial arteries pass laterally from the medial ventral aorta carrying deoxygenated blood to the gills. MD - see fish ciruclatory 3 step process.

Answer 68

the lands of the central and southern Pacific Ocean including Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia (including New Zealand). MD - Oceania, is ironic because we're actually talking about the land not the ocean. the three lands are Micronesia - small section in central melanesia - right below just above Australia, think melanin from lots of sun polynesia - includes new zealand and is to the east.

Answer 69

When a fish returns after just one year's sea feeding, it is called a grilse in Canada, Britain, and Ireland. Grilse may be present at spawning, and go unnoticed by large males, releasing their own sperm on the eggs. MD - females are generally smaller so think of grilse as a girl male fish. picture of a large male salmon and a small male salmon depositing their milt. the small one has female looking lips and makeup.

Answer 70

Shalach MD - sha for shadey dark cloring. lach - lunch because they are voracious eaters. Always eating lunch.

Answer 71

capable of being distended - MD - distended stomache, distended nostrils of the dog in war and peace, distended distensible throat pouch.

Answer 72

A distensible pouch of skin in the throat of an animal, used especially for catching prey (as in pelicans), display (as in certain birds), or vocalization (as in male frogs and some apes). MD - see distensible - distended stomache, distended nostrils of the dog in war and peace, distended distensible throat pouch.

Answer 73

The pelican! The bill of all pelicans, unique to the bird world, has a distensible throat pouch that can hold up to 13.5 litres. The bare-skin throat pouch, or throat sac, hangs from the lower half of the pelican's bill. When feeding, the pelican dives under water and the poucho opens, functioning like a dip net, filling with water an (hopefully) fish. After draining the water, the pelican throws up its head and gulps down the fish. MD -

Answer 74

It is one of the perfectly timed phenomena of nature that salmon are in rivers in the **fall**, just as the bears are trying to fatten up before **winter** hibernation. "Forests also provide the necessary habitat for bears, and salmon provide needed food. It is one of the perfectly timed phenomena of nature that salmon are in rivers in the **fall**, just as the bears are trying to fatten up before **winter** hibernation. Bears that live proximate to salmon tend to be larger than more inland bears. Just like seals, bears tend to bite the bellies and leave the rest. If they ate only males, it would be of little consequence, but what they are after are the fat-rich eggs. They will also bite through the skull and lick out the highly nutritious brain. (Wolves do the same thing.) The rest of the fish is of little interest unless the fish is fat and fresh from the oceans, and fasting salmon very quickly become too lean for their flesh to appeal to a bear. Bears are gourmets, not gourmands." MD - Fall salmon arrival bear catching a salmon and belly growing and then cave with dark eyes and snow outside. MD - last supper with bears

Answer 75

of a serpentine or wavy form : WINDING. Although it probably makes you think more of snakes than head colds, sinuous is etymologically more like sinus than serpent. Sinuous and sinus both derive from the Latin noun sinus, which means "curve, fold, or hollow." Other sinus descendents include insinuate ("to impart or suggest in an artful or indirect way") and two terms you might remember from math class: sine and cosine. In English, sinus is the oldest of these words; it entered the language in the 1400s. Insinuate appeared next, in 1529, and was followed by sinuous (1578), sine (1593), and cosine (1635). Serpent, by the way, entered English in the 13th century and comes from the Latin verb serpere, meaning "to creep." MD - a sinuous sinew (sinew is tissue uniting muscle to bone or bone to bone - a tendon or ligament. do one that is curly and moves accross the picture in front of a bone.

Answer 76

But, though heron produce five young every year, they never seem to build large populations. Being quite large, the adults are susceptible to only a few predators, such as coyote, fox, and raccoon, but the young have more predators, including eagles, and many animals eat their eggs. Left to its own devices, nature works out a formula for survival. Neither cormorants nor seals nor other predators are likely to eat themselves into **extinction** by killing off their food supply. Man is the only **predator** that might do that. MD - don't need

Answer 77

any of a family (Osmeridae) of small bony fishes that closely resemble the trouts in general structure, live along coasts and ascend rivers to spawn or are landlocked, and have delicate oily flesh with a distinctive odor and taste. smelt - 1. side by side with a trout (some trout are anadramous so they have a smolt phase - closely resemble trout in structure). 2. arrow from the smelt anadramous or landlocked (they are like smolt in that they live along coasts before ascending river to spawn, but some are landlocked. 3. nose smelling them (they have a delicat oily flesh with a distinctive odor and trste.)

Answer 78

fish of interest to humans chiefly as the prey of more valuable game fish. MD - a. food such as grass or hay for cattle. so the grass and hay are of interest to humans because they feed the more valuable cattle just like. show hay at the bottom of the food chain with caplin. b. fisherman in a food chain of caplin -\> salmon -\> I don't eat capelin, but it's of interest to me as prey of salmon. smelt - blue fin tuna capelin - salmon

Answer 79

In fish, however, there are two separate vessels referred to as aortas. The ventral aorta carries de-oxygenated blood from the heart to the gills; MD - a -away or -ta turn awy and retrun. show the a moving away from the gills wiht oxygenated blood and then show the vessel returning with deoxygenated blood to the heart.

Answer 80

1. The heart pumps blood over the gills through the afferent branchial arteries. 2. From the gills the efferent branchial arteries carry the oxygenated blood to the dorsal aorta that delivers oxygenated blood to the rest of the fish's body. 3. The deoxyengated blood is then returned to the heart through the ventral aorta and then repeats 1- MD - picture of the fish

Answer 81

## Footnote the great arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body

Answer 82

bearing or conducting inward specifically : conveying impulses toward the central nervous system : MD - afferent - a ferret might also bite to get attention. Picture of a ferret biting someones finger and the impulse going to the brain. afferent branchial arteries carry blood inward - to the heart.

Salmon Kurlansky Flashcards

(106 cards)