Sapiens Flashcards

Question

primates

Answer 1

a mammal of an order that includes the lemurs, bushbabies, tarsiers, marmosets, monkeys, apes, and humans. They are distinguished by having hands, handlike feet, and forward-facing eyes, and, with the exception of humans, are typically agile tree-dwellers. MD -

Answer 2

Mammals are members of class Mammalia, air-breathing vertebrate animals characterized by the possession of endothermy, hair, three middle ear bones, and mammary glands functional in mothers with young. MD - class - mammal order - primates family - homonoidea (lesser apes, smaller in size) and hominidae (great apes) genus - homo (for humans) ; pan (for chimps and bonobos)

Answer 3

would take the left over bones from carrion taken down by higher order consumers and extract the marrow using stone tools. "One of the most common uses of early stone tools was to crack open bones in order to get to the marrow. Some researchers believe this was our original niche. Just as woodpeckers"

Answer 4

remarkably or impressively great in extent, size, or degree: the stove consumed a prodigious amount of fuel. "We can thereby ingest, store and communicate a prodigious amount of information about the surrounding world. A green monkey can yell to its comrades, 'Careful! A lion!' But a modern human can tell her friends that this morning, near the bend in the river, she saw a lion tracking a herd of bison. She can then describe the exact location, including the different paths leading to the area. With this information, the members of her band can put their heads together and discuss whether they should approach the river, chase away the lion and hunt the bison.

Answer 5

contrast, ever since the Cognitive Revolution, Sapiens have been able to change their behaviour quickly, transmitting new behaviours to future generations without any need of genetic or environmental change. "Male chimps cannot gather in a constitutional assembly to abolish the office of alpha male and declare that from here on out all chimps are to be treated as equals. Such dramatic changes in behaviour would occur only if something changed in the chimpanzee's DNA." (35) "As long as Homo erectus did not undergo further genetic alterations, its stone tools remained roughly the same - for close to 2 million years! In contrast, ever since the Cognitive Revolution, Sapiens have been able to change their behaviour quickly, transmitting new behaviours to future generations without any need of genetic or environmental change. Sapiens could transform their social structures, the nature of their interpersonal relations, their economic activities and a host of other behaviours within a decade or two. (37)

Answer 6

The Weimar Republic was Germany’s first experiment in democracy. It was founded after the aftermath of the German defeat in World War I. The Republic faced many challenges during its short life. It was undermined by right and left wing extremists and the military. Many have seen the fall of the Weimar Republic as inevitable. However, it could have succeeded but for the economic calamity of the ‘Great Depression’. Third Reich, official Nazi designation for the regime in Germany from January 1933 to May 1945, as the presumed successor of the medieval and early modern Holy Roman Empire of 800 to 1806 (the First Reich) and the German Empire of 1871 to 1918 (the Second Reich). 1949 to 1990, when the eastern portion of Germany was part of the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War. It "Weimar Republic, the Nazi Third Reich and Communist East Germany; and she died a citizen of a democratic and reunified Germany. She had managed to be a part of five very different sociopolitical systems, though her DNA remained exactly the same." (37)

Answer 7

The Stone Age was a broad prehistoric period during which stone was widely used to make tools and weapons. The period lasted roughly 3.4 million years and ended between 8700 BCE and 2000 BCE with the advent of metalworking. "access to only one type of sweet food 'ripe fruit.' If a Stone Age woman came across a tree groaning with figs, the most sensible thing to do was to eat as many of them as she could on the spot, before the local baboon band picked the tree bare. The instinct to gorge on high-calorie food was hard-wired into our genes. Today we may be living in high-rise apartments with over-stuffed refrigerators, but our DNA still thinks we are in the savannah. That's what makes some of us spoon down an entire tub of Ben & Jerry's when we find one in the freezer and wash it down with a jumbo Coke." (46) MD - 3.4 million years MaR think of the mar maniuplating the stones.

Answer 8

a family group that consists only of parents and children "The proponents of this ancient community theory argue that the frequent infidelities that characterize modern marriages, and the high rates of divorce, not to mention the cornucopia of psychological complexes from which both children and adults suffer, all result from forcing humans to live in nuclear families and monogamous relationships that are incompatible with our biological software." MD - nucleus of a cell being mom, dad, sister, and brother. outside that are other organelles (relatives) grandfather would be the golgi aparatus think of pop pop packaging lunch.

Answer 9

gathering "In most habitats, Sapiens bands fed themselves in an elastic and opportunistic fashion. They scrounged for termites, picked berries, dug for roots, stalked rabbits and hunted bison and mammoth. Notwithstanding the popular image of 'man the hunter,' gathering was Sapien's main activity, and it provided most of their calories, as well as raw materials such as flint, wood and bamboo." MD - Gathering 75% 25% rabbitt 75% carrots. pellets like food.

Answer 10

decreased There is some evidence that the size of the average Sapiens brain has actually decreased since the age of foraging.5 Survival in that era required superb mental abilities from everyone. When agriculture and industry came along people could increasingly rely on the skills of others for survival, and new niches for imbeciles were opened up. You could survive and pass your unremarkable genes to the next generation by working as a water carrier or an assembly-line worker. MD crops like wheat and potatoes - leading to sapien couch potatoes

Answer 11

a monotypic genus of Australian Pleistocene herbivorous marsupials related to the kangaroos, resembling a rhinoceros in size, and walking on four legs. The last one ran from about 75,000 to 15,000 years ago. Not unusually severe for an ice age, it had twin peaks, the first about 70,000 years ago and the second at about 20,000 years ago. The giant diprotodon appeared in Australia more than 1.5 million years ago and successfully weathered at least ten previous ice ages. It also survived the first peak of the last ice age, around 70,000 years ago. Why, then, did it disappear 45,000 years ago? Of course, if diprotodons had been the only large animal to disappear at this time, it might have been just a fluke. But more than 90 per cent of Australia's megafauna disappeared along with the diprotodon. The evidence is circumstantial, but it's hard to imagine that Sapiens, just by coincidence, arrived in Australia at the precise point that all these animals were dropping dead of the chills.

Answer 12

large, currently submerged region between present-day North America (Alaska) and Asia (Siberia) that has been partly or wholly above sea level at multiple times in the past when sea levels were lower "Bering Land Bridge. North America and Asia are separated today by a narrow ocean channel called the Bering Strait. But during the ice age, when much of the earth's water supply was locked in glacial ice, sea levels worldwide dropped and a land bridge emerged from the sea and connected the two continents." "The first Americans arrived on foot, which they could do because, at the time, sea levels were low enough that a land bridge connected north-eastern Siberia with north-western Alaska"

Answer 13

any of various extinct mammals (genus Mammut synonym Mastodon) of the elephant family distinguished from the related mammoths chiefly by molar teeth with cone-shaped cusps MD -

Answer 14

(also saber-toothed cat or saber-toothed tiger) a large extinct carnivorous mammal of the cat family, with large, curved upper canine teeth. MD -

Answer 15

a varied mixture The Galapagos Islands, to give one famous example, remained uninhabited by humans until the nineteenth century, thus preserving their unique menagerie, including their giant tortoises, which, like the ancient diprotodons, show no fear of humans. MD - a ménage à trois menagerie md- camel, horse, lizard

Answer 16

More than 2 million years "FOR 2.5 MILLION YEARS HUMANS FED themselves by gathering plants and hunting animals that lived and bred without their intervention. Homo erectus, Homo ergaster and the Neanderthals plucked wild figs and hunted wild sheep without deciding where fig trees would take root, in which meadow a herd of sheep should graze, or which billy goat would inseminate which nanny goat." MD - 2.5 million years. in this quote, humans means the genus homo.

Answer 17

diet based on cereals is poor in minerals and vitamins, hard to digest, and bad for teeth and gums. Security "Remember, humans are omnivorous apes who thrive on a wide variety of foods. Grains made up only a small fraction of the human diet before the Agricultural Revolution. A diet based on cereals is poor in minerals and vitamins, hard to digest, and really bad for your teeth and gums. Wheat did not give people economic security. The life of a peasant is less secure than that of a hunter-gatherer. Foragers relied on dozens of species to survive, and could therefore weather difficult years even without stocks of preserved food. If the availability of one species was reduced, they could gather and hunt more of other species. Farming societies have, until very recently, relied for the great bulk of their calorie intake on a small variety of domesticated plants. In many areas, they relied on just a single staple, such as wheat, potatoes or rice. If the rains failed or clouds of locusts arrived or if a fungus infected that staple species, peasants died by the thousands and millions." MD -

Answer 18

including a single representative —used especially of a genus with only one species MD - monotypic versus polytipic diprotodon was monotypic (there was no other species in the genus). compared to dolphins

Answer 19

evidence providing only a basis for inference about the fact in dispute "The evidence is circumstantial, but it's hard to imagine that Sapiens, just by coincidence, arrived in Australia at the precise point that all these animals were dropping dead of the chills." MD - OJ hand the cuts on the day after the murder is circumstantial evidence.

Answer 20

Genus Australopithecus, family Hominidae: several species, including the lightly built A. Africanus, which is thought to be the immediate ancestor of the human genus Homo. Its forms exhibit bipedal locomotion, near-human dentition, and relatively small brains. MD - Both Scipio Africanus and Hannibal are members of the family Hominidae - they both have bipedal locomotion, near-human dentition, and relatively small brains, but Africanus is a more evolved species being the direct ancestor of the genus homo with a more human-like cranium permitting a larger brain and more humanoid facial features.

Answer 21

the part of the skull that encloses the brain. MD - Krang's compartment is like the cranium. The main difference between the skull and cranium is that skull is a complex structure containing 22 bones while cranium is a subdivision of the skull, containing only 8 bones. In this article, further differences between skull and cranium will be highlighted. 8 bones make the cranium. The eight bones include ethmoid, frontal, occipital, parietal (2), sphenoid, and temporal (2). Among these bones, parietal bones and the frontal bone are the largest.

Answer 22

a male goat "FOR 2.5 MILLION YEARS HUMANS FED themselves by gathering plants and hunting animals that lived and bred without their intervention. Homo erectus, Homo ergaster and the Neanderthals plucked wild figs and hunted wild sheep without deciding where fig trees would take root, in which meadow a herd of sheep should graze, or which billy goat would inseminate which nanny goat." md - Billy Tropea

Answer 23

studies of ancient bodies show that the agricultural revolution brought on a plethora of physical ailments such as slipped discs, arthritis, and hernias. "The body of Homo sapiens had not evolved for such tasks. It was adapted to climbing apple trees and running after gazelles, not to clearing rocks and carrying water buckets. Human spines, knees, necks and arches paid the price. Studies of ancient skeletons indicate that the transition to agriculture brought about a plethora of ailments, such as slipped discs, arthritis and hernias." (80) MD - hunter gather actities chasing animals and climbing trees (was like a gym work out), versus more strenuous activities like carrying heavy water buckets - slipped disks, and arthritis in the joints, and clearing rocks - hernia. water making the discs slippery heavy water making the cartilage between joints where down (bone on bone) causing arthritis

Answer 24

The genus is taken to emerge with the appearance of Homohabilis, just over two million years ago. Genus Homo, together with the genus Paranthropus is probably sister to A. africanus in the genus Australopithecus, which itself had previously split from the lineage of Pan, the chimpanzees. Homo (Latin: homō, "human being") is the genus which emerged in the otherwise extinct genus Australopithecus that encompasses the extant species Homo sapiens (modern humans), plus several extinct species classified as either ancestral to or closely related to modern humans (depending on a species), most notably Homo erectus and Homo neanderthalensis. The genus is taken to emerge with the appearance of Homo habilis, just over two million years ago.[2] Genus Homo, together with the genus Paranthropus is probably sister to A. africanus in the genus Australopithecus, which itself had previously split from the lineage of Pan, the chimpanzees.[3][4] MD - handyman

Answer 25

diet became mostly cereals which is poor in minerals and vitamins, hard to digest, and really bad for your teeth and gums. "Remember, humans are omnivorous apes who thrive on a wide variety of foods. Grains made up only a small fraction of the human diet before the Agricultural Revolution. A diet based on cereals is poor in minerals and vitamins, hard to digest, and really bad for your teeth and gums. Wheat did not give people economic security. The life of a peasant is less secure than that of a hunter-gatherer. Foragers relied on dozens of species to survive, and could therefore weather difficult years even without stocks of preserved food. If the availability of one species was reduced, they could gather and hunt more of other species. Farming societies have, until very recently, relied for the great bulk of their calorie intake on a small variety of domesticated plants. In many areas, they relied on just a single staple, such as wheat, potatoes or rice. If the rains failed or clouds of locusts arrived or if a fungus infected that staple species, peasants died by the thousands and millions."

Answer 26

Grains that are in the grass family (poacea family) - wheat, rye, rice, corn, millet, and many others. There are also pseudograins that are often called grains but are not cereals. These include buckwheat, quinoa, and amaranth. "Remember, humans are omnivorous apes who thrive on a wide variety of foods. Grains made up only a small fraction of the human diet before the Agricultural Revolution. A diet based on cereals is poor in minerals and vitamins, hard to digest, and really bad for your teeth and gums. Wheat did not give people economic security. The life of a peasant is less secure than that of a hunter-gatherer. Foragers relied on dozens of species to survive, and could therefore weather difficult years even without stocks of preserved food. If the availability of one species was reduced, they could gather and hunt more of other species. Farming societies have, until very recently, relied for the great bulk of their calorie intake on a small variety of domesticated plants. In many areas, they relied on just a single staple, such as wheat, potatoes or rice. If the rains failed or clouds of locusts arrived or if a fungus infected that staple species, peasants died by the thousands and millions." MD - big circle grain (buckwheat, quinoa, and amaranth) within little circle - cereal - grain within the grass family (corn, rice, wheat, rye) hank hill is cereal about his lawn - grass Cereal grains ― which include oats, wheat, rice, corn, barley, rye, sorghum and millet ― are the edible seeds of specific grasses belonging to the Poaceae family.

Answer 27

Grains are hard seeds without attached hulls or fruits. MD - picture of common wheat and its grain - the **hull** comes off readily during threshing - no attached hull. apple seed is not a grain - because it is **soft** and the fruit of the apple surrounds the seed. The flesh of the apple is what is eaten, not the seed. “A grain and a seed are very nearly the same thing, although you can imagine that a tomato seed is not a grain,” Morris explained to HuffPost. “Once in a while we differentiate that a grain is going to be eaten, whereas a seed is going to be planted (kinda trivial).”

Answer 28

Jericho, in Palestine, could support at most one roaming band of about a hundred relatively healthy and well-nourished people. Around 8500 BC, when wild plants gave way to wheat fields, the oasis supported a large but cramped village of 1,000 people, who suffered far more from disease and malnourishment. The currency of evolution is neither hunger nor pain, but rather copies of DNA helixes. Just as the economic success of a company is measured only by the number of dollars in its bank account, not by the happiness of its employees, so the evolutionary success of a species is measured by the number of copies of its DNA. If no more DNA copies remain, the species is extinct, just as a company without money is bankrupt. If a species boasts many DNA copies, it is a success, and the species flourishes. From such a perspective, 1,000 copies are always better than a hundred copies. This is the essence of the Agricultural Revolution: the ability to keep more people alive under worse conditions. Yet why should individuals care about this evolutionary calculus? Why would any sane person lower his or her standard of living just to multiply the number of copies of the Homo sapiens genome? Nobody agreed to this deal: the Agricultural Revolution was a trap.

Answer 29

to treat (something, such as grain) by exposure to a current of air so that waste matter is eliminated Since it was impossible to eat wild grains without first winnowing, grinding and cooking them, people who gathered these grains carried them back to their temporary campsites for processing. Wheat grains are small and numerous, so some of them inevitably fell on the way to the campsite and were lost. Over time, more and more wheat grew along favourite human trails and near campsites.

Answer 30

either of two circular stones used for grinding something (such as grain) The average person in Jericho of 8500 BC lived a harder life than the average person in Jericho of 9500 BC or 13,000 BC. But nobody realised what was happening. Every generation continued to live like the previous generation, making only small improvements here and there in the way things were done. Paradoxically, a series of â€˜improvementsâ€™, each of which was meant to make life easier, added up to a millstone around the necks of these farmers.

Answer 31

to work with a tool with a thin flat blade on a long handle to cultivate, weed, or loosen the earth around plants : to use or work with a hoe (see HOE entry 1) or backhoe Whenever they decided to do a bit of extra work - say, to hoe the fields instead of scattering seeds on the surface - people thought, 'Yes, we will have to work harder. But the harvest will be so bountiful! We won't have to worry any more about lean years. Our children will never go to sleep hungry.' It made sense. If you worked harder, you would have a better life. That was the plan." (86)

Answer 32

to prepare or prepare and use for the raising of crops

Answer 33

"The average person in Jericho of 8500 BC lived a harder life than the average person in Jericho of 9500 BC or 13,000 BC. But nobody realised what was happening. Every generation continued to live like the previous generation, making only small improvements here and there in the way things were done. Paradoxically, a series of â€˜improvementsâ€™, each of which was meant to make life easier, added up to a millstone around the necks of these farmers." (86)

Answer 34

Organs are held in place by either muscles or tissues. When an organ pushes through the muscle or tissue which is holding it in place, a Hernia has occurred. For example, the intestines may break through a weakened area in the abdominal wall. Hernias can occur in the abdomen, upper thigh, belly button or groin. Most Hernias don’t go away on their own and they require treatment. Hernias can become serious and life threatening. Surgery may be required. Hernias can be caused by a specific lifting incident that causes a tear of the muscle of the abdominal wall. Hernias can also be caused by repetitive lifting over time. Over time, a slow tear can occur over time.

Answer 35

## Footnote painful inflammation and stiffness of the joints. Cartilage is a firm but flexible connective tissue in your joints. It protects the joints by absorbing the pressure and shock created when you move and put stress on them. A reduction in the normal amount of this cartilage tissue cause some forms of arthritis

Answer 36

an extinct hominid of the genus Homo (H. habilis) that is known from sub-Saharan fossil remains associated with crude stone tools, is estimated to have flourished 1.6 to 2 million years ago, and is believed to be the predecessor of Homo erectus skillful human Homo habilis, although a scavenger rather than a master hunter, is thought to have mastered the Lower Paleolithic Olduwan tool set which utilized stone flakes. These stone flakes were more advanced than any tools previously used, and gave Homo habilis the edge it needed to prosper in hostile environments previously too formidable for primates.

Answer 37

"But people did not foresee that the number of children would increase, meaning that the extra wheat would have to be shared between more children. Neither did the early farmers understand that feeding children with more porridge and less breast milk would weaken their immune system, and that permanent settlements would be hotbeds for infectious diseases. They did not foresee that by increasing their dependence on a single source of food, they were actually exposing themselves even more to the depredations of drought. Nor did the farmers foresee that in good years their bulging granaries would tempt thieves and enemies, compelling them to start building walls and doing guard duty." (86)

Answer 38

since it took generations for changes to transform society, people could not remember how they lived, and because population growth. "Partly because it took generations for the small changes to accumulate and transform society and, by then, nobody remembered that they had ever lived differently. And partly because population growth burned humanityâ€™s boats. If the adoption of ploughing increased a villageâ€™s population from a hundred to 110, which ten people would have volunteered to starve so that the others could go back to the good old times? There was no going back. The trap snapped shut."

Answer 39

copy and paste quote for "if agriculture"

Answer 40

"But the price is subjugation to a way of life completely alien to their urges and desires. Itâ€™s reasonable to assume, for example, that bulls prefer to spend their days wandering over open prairies in the company of other bulls and cows rather than pulling carts and ploughshares under the yoke of a whip-wielding ape." (93)

Answer 41

Sumer was an ancient civilization founded in the Mesopotamia region of the Fertile Crescent situated between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Known for their innovations in language, governance, architecture and more, Sumerians are considered the creators of civilization as modern humans understand it. "Foragers were never obliged to handle large amounts of mathematical data. No forager needed to remember, say, the number of fruit on each tree in the forest. So human brains did not adapt to storing and processing numbers. Yet in order to maintain a large kingdom, mathematical data was vital. It was never enough to legislate laws and tell stories about guardian gods. One also had to collect taxes. In order to tax hundreds of thousands of people, it was imperative to collect data about peopleâ€™s incomes and possessions; data about payments made; data about arrears, debts and fines; data about discounts and exemptions. This added up to millions of data bits, which had to be stored and processed. Without this capacity, the state would never know what resources it had and what further resources it could tap. When confronted with the need to memorise, recall and handle all these numbers, most human brains overdosed or fell asleep." (121) "Sumerian geniuses invented a system for storing and processing information outside their brains, one that was custom-built to handle large amounts of mathematical data. The Sumerians thereby released their social order from the limitations of the human brain, opening the way for the appearance of cities, kingdoms and empires. The data-processing system invented by the Sumerians is called â€˜writingâ€™." (122)

Answer 42

image directed ## Footnote "In order to survive, ancient hunter-gatherers had to remember the shapes, qualities and behaviour patterns of thousands of plant and animal species. They had to remember that a wrinkled yellow mushroom growing in autumn under an elm tree is most probably poisonous, whereas a similar-looking mushroom growing in winter under an oak tree is a good stomach-ache remedy. Hunter-gatherers also had to bear in mind the opinions and relations of several dozen band members. If Lucy needed a band memberâ€™s help to get John to stop harassing her, it was important for her to remember that John had fallen out last week with Mary, who would thus be a likely and enthusiastic ally. Consequently, evolutionary pressures have adapted the human brain to store immense quantities of botanical, zoological, topographical and social information." (121)

Answer 43

In base-10, each digit in a position of a number can have an integer value ranging from 0 to 9 (10 possibilities). The places or positions of the numbers are based on powers of 10. Each number is 10times the value to the right of it, hence the term base-10.Jan "(The Sumerians used a combination of base-6 and base-10 numeral systems. Their base-6 system bestowed on us several important legacies, such as the division of the day into twenty-four hours and of the circle into 360 degrees.) The other type of signs represented people, animals, merchandise, territories, dates and so forth. By combining both types of signs the Sumerians were able to preserve far more data than any human brain could remember or any DNA chain could encode." "ten signs, representing the numbers from 0 to 9. Confusingly, these signs are known as Arabic numerals even though they were first invented by the Hindus (even more confusingly, modern Arabs use a set of digits that look quite different from Western ones). But the Arabs get the credit because when they invaded India they encountered the system, understood its usefulness, refined it, and spread it through the Middle East and then to Europe. When several other signs were later added to the Arab numerals (such as the signs for addition, subtraction and multiplication), the basis of modern mathematical notation came into being." (130) MD - use picture

Answer 44

Briefly, base six (or "heximal") is a number system that uses the number symbols 0 through 5 in each digit rather than 0 through 9. So the number that would be expressed as 6 in base ten is expressed as 10 in base six. We count 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, and so on. MD - draw the Khan academy setup

Answer 45

Briefly, base 2 (or "binary") is a number system that uses the number symbols 0 through 1 in each digit rather than 0 through 9. So the number that would be expressed as 2 in base ten is expressed as 10 in base 2. We count 1, 10, 11, 100, 101, 1000, 1001

Answer 46

not interesting : dull, boring, and ordinary "They are humdrum economic documents, recording the payment of taxes, the accumulation of debts and the ownership of property. Partial script cannot express the entire spectrum of a spoken language, but it can express things that fall outside the scope of spoken language. Partial scripts such as the Sumerian and mathematical scripts cannot be used to write poetry, but they can keep tax accounts very effectively. Only one other type of text survived from these ancient days, and it is even less exciting: lists of words, copied over and over again by apprentice scribes as training exercises. Even had a bored student wanted to write out some of his poems instead of copy a bill of sale, he could not have done so. The earliest Sumerian writing was a partial rather than a full script. Full script is a system of material signs that can represent spoken language more or less completely. It can therefore express everything people can say, including poetry. Partial script, on the other hand, is a system of material signs that can represent only particular types of information, belonging to a limited field of activity. Latin script, ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics and Braille are full scripts. You can use them to write tax registers, love poems, history books, food recipes and business law. In contrast, the earliest Sumerian script, like modern mathematical symbols and musical notation, are partial scripts. You can use mathematical script to make calculations, but you cannot use it to write love poems." MD - people hum or drum when something is dull, boring, not interesting, or ordinary - dave chase drumming and humming

Answer 47

a partial writing system is limited in what it can visually represent what is expressed in the spoken language. They are humdrum economic documents, recording the payment of taxes, the accumulation of debts and the ownership of property. Partial script cannot express the entire spectrum of a spoken language, but it can express things that fall outside the scope of spoken language. Partial scripts such as the Sumerian and mathematical scripts cannot be used to write poetry, but they can keep tax accounts very effectively. Only one other type of text survived from these ancient days, and it is even less exciting: lists of words, copied over and over again by apprentice scribes as training exercises. Even had a bored student wanted to write out some of his poems instead of copy a bill of sale, he could not have done so. The earliest Sumerian writing was a partial rather than a full script. Full script is a system of material signs that can represent spoken language more or less completely. It can therefore express everything people can say, including poetry. Partial script, on the other hand, is a system of material signs that can represent only particular types of information, belonging to a limited field of activity. Latin script, ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics and Braille are full scripts. You can use them to write tax registers, love poems, history books, food recipes and business law. In contrast, the earliest Sumerian script, like modern mathematical symbols and musical notation, are partial scripts. You can use mathematical script to make calculations, but you cannot use it to write love poems. MD - Sumerian writing I traded 10 sheep (check) no way to convey i love my 10 sheep (x)

Answer 48

can visually represent all that may be expressed in the spoken language. "They are humdrum economic documents, recording the payment of taxes, the accumulation of debts and the ownership of property. Partial script cannot express the entire spectrum of a spoken language, but it can express things that fall outside the scope of spoken language. Partial scripts such as the Sumerian and mathematical scripts cannot be used to write poetry, but they can keep tax accounts very effectively. Only one other type of text survived from these ancient days, and it is even less exciting: lists of words, copied over and over again by apprentice scribes as training exercises. Even had a bored student wanted to write out some of his poems instead of copy a bill of sale, he could not have done so. The earliest Sumerian writing was a partial rather than a full script. Full script is a system of material signs that can represent spoken language more or less completely. It can therefore express everything people can say, including poetry. Partial script, on the other hand, is a system of material signs that can represent only particular types of information, belonging to a limited field of activity. Latin script, ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics and Braille are full scripts. You can use them to write tax registers, love poems, history books, food recipes and business law. In contrast, the earliest Sumerian script, like modern mathematical symbols and musical notation, are partial scripts. You can use mathematical script to make calculations, but you cannot use it to write love poems." Romeo and Juliet - Shakespear was able to write everything that is captured in spoken language.

Answer 49

a set of steps for a computer program to accomplish a task That requires methods of organisation like catalogues, methods of reproduction like photocopy machines, methods of rapid and accurate retrieval like computer algorithms, and pedantic (but hopefully cheerful) librarians who know how to use these tools. MD - how does google maps figure out how to get from houston, texas to orlando, florida. They use a route finding algorithm. Type in al gore on a google search engine uses its a trademarked algorithm called PageRank, which assigns each Web page a relevancy score. Task - information about al gore, page rank the steps that rank all the information for you to view with most relevant at the top. when you type in al gore, you don't get information about pineapples. Google's steps negate this because it is irrelevant. www.algore.com at the top and www.pineapple.com at the bottom

Answer 50

inclination to laziness "Nature, it was claimed, rewarded merit with wealth while penalising indolence." (134)

Answer 51

1. to deny responsibility for 2. to refuse to acknowledge or accept "Yet it is an iron rule of history that every imagined hierarchy disavows its fictional origins and claims to be natural and inevitable. For instance, many people who have viewed the hierarchy of free persons and slaves as natural and correct have argued that slavery is not a human invention. Hammurabi saw it as ordained by the gods." (134) MD - avow - to assert or confess openly. pic of woman dog priest 1. The priest disavowed (deny responsibility) his role in marrying the woman to her dog and the woman's family disavowed (refuse to acknowledge or accept) the marriage

Answer 52

belonging to the essential nature of something : INHERENT. "Aristotle argued that slaves have a â€˜slavish natureâ€™ whereas free people have a â€˜free natureâ€™. Their status in society is merely a reflection of their innate nature." (134) MD - INNATE, INBORN, INBRED, CONGENITAL, HEREDITARY mean not acquired after birth. INNATE applies to qualities or characteristics that are part of one's inner essential nature. an innate sense of fair play INBORN suggests a quality or tendency either actually present at birth or so marked and deep-seated as to seem so. her inborn love of nature INBRED suggests something either acquired from parents by heredity or so deeply rooted and ingrained as to seem acquired in that way. inbred political loyalties CONGENITAL and HEREDITARY refer to what is acquired before or at birth, the former to things acquired during fetal development and the latter to things transmitted from one's ancestors. a congenital heart murmur eye color is hereditary for food to be ATE, it must go IN - the taking in of food to be digested is a quality belonging to the essential nature of almost everything

Answer 53

a collection of beliefs or practices mistakenly regarded as being based on scientific method. (134) pseudo - not genuine pseudoscience - you could get sued for psuedoscience - as Gwenneth Paltro's Goop company did for falsely advertising its $66 eggs that go in the vagina. It claimed that the eggs could increases chi, orgasms; vaginal muscle tone, hormonal balance, and feminine energy in general.” People who bought the eggs mistakenly regarded these collection of beliefs or practices as being based on the scientific method. Goop alleged the blend could treat depression, and that the $66 eggs you shove up your vagina “increases chi, orgasms; vaginal muscle tone, hormonal balance, and feminine energy in general.”

Answer 54

1 [with object] sharpen (a blade): he was carefully honing the curved blade. 2 [with object] refine or perfect (something) over a period of time: (as adjective, with submodifier honed) : a finely honed performance | she has taken numerous workshops to hone her skills over the years. • give greater strength or firmness to (the body or a part of the body): she has been working hard to hone her physique | abdominal strength training willhone your abs. "Talent wll remain latent unless given the opportunity to hone." (137) MD - from old english han - which means stone. and the h can look like a knife. hone (stone) think of as sharpen. hone sounds like stone. whetstones are used to sharpen

Answer 55

superiority, inferiority "Africans had acquired over the generations a partial genetic immunity to these diseases, whereas Europeans were totally defenceless and died in droves. It was consequently wiser for a plantation owner to invest his money in an African slave than in a European slave or indentured labourer. Paradoxically, genetic **superiority** (in terms of immunity) translated into social **inferiority**: precisely because Africans were fitter in tropical climates than Europeans, they ended up as the slaves of European masters! Due to these circumstantial factors, the burgeoning new societies of America were to be divided into a ruling caste of white Europeans and a subjugated caste of black Africans." MD - african slave over white slave price for both one is dead one is able to survive. working under virginia climate

Answer 56

a son of Noah held to be the progenitor of the Egyptians, Nubians, and Canaanites economically successful but also as pious, just and objective. Religious and scientific myths were pressed into service to justify this division. Theologians argued that Africans descend from Ham, son of Noah, saddled by his father with a curse that his offspring would be slaves. Biologists argued that blacks are less intelligent than whites and their moral sense less developed. Doctors alleged that blacks live in filth and spread diseases â€“ in other words, they are a source of pollution. These myths struck a chord in American culture, and in Western culture generally. They continued to exert their influence long after the conditions that created slavery had disappeared. In the early nineteenth century imperial Britain outlawed slavery and stopped the Atlantic slave trade, and in the decades that followed slavery was gradually outlawed throughout the American continent. Notably, this was the first and only time in history that a large number of slaveholding societies voluntarily abolished slavery. But, even though the slaves were freed, the racist myths that justified slavery persisted. Separation of the races was maintained by racist legislation and social custom. MD - Not long after, Noah planted a vineyard, overindulged in the fruit of his labor, got drunk, and “lay uncovered in his tent.” His son Ham, the father of Canaan, “saw the nakedness of his father,” and told his brothers, who respectfully covered their father. When Noah woke up from his stupor, he condemned Ham’s bad behavior, saying, “Cursed be Canaan; a servant of servants shall he be to his brothers” (Gen. 9:25 ESV). MD - Ham saw his father Noah's hams (upper legs) b/c Noah was naked and then was cursed.

Answer 57

smallness of number "You might think that people would gradually understand that these stigmas were myth rather than fact and that blacks would be able, over time, to prove themselves just as competent, law-abiding and clean as whites. In fact, the opposite happened â€“ these prejudices became more and more entrenched as time went by. Since all the best jobs were held by whites, it became easier to believe that blacks really are inferior. â€˜Look,â€™ said the average white citizen, â€˜blacks have been free for generations, yet there are almost no black professors, lawyers, doctors or even bank tellers. Isnâ€™t that proof that blacks are simply less intelligent and hard-working?â€™ Trapped in this vicious circle, blacks were not hired for white-collar jobs because they were deemed unintelligent, and the proof of their inferiority was the paucity of blacks in white-collar jobs." (142) MD - there is no paucity of paws in paucity, on the contrary it is congested with paws.

Answer 58

1920 - 2000 Was the first African-American man to run for president and was put in a mental asylum when he applied to the University of Mississippi in 1958. "By the mid-twentieth century, segregation in the former Confederate states was probably worse than in the late nineteenth century. Clennon King, a black student who applied to the University of Mississippi in 1958, was forcefully committed to a mental asylum. The presiding judge ruled that a black person must surely be insane to think that he could be admitted to the University of Mississippi." (142) MD - Clennon wanted to be King of U.S. first black man to run for president and he was non-admitted (denies admission to University of Mississippi and put in an insane assylum.

Answer 59

a preconceived idea or prejudice. "American aesthetic culture was built around white standards of beauty. The physical attributes of the white race â€“ for example light skin, fair and straight hair, a small upturned nose â€“ came to be identified as beautiful. Typical black features â€“ dark skin, dark and bushy hair, a flattened nose â€“ were deemed ugly. These preconceptions ingrained the imagined hierarchy at an even deeper level of human consciousness. Such vicious circles can go on for centuries and even millennia, perpetuating an imagined hierarchy that sprang from a chance historical occurrence. Unjust discrimination often gets worse, not better, with time. Money comes to money, and poverty to poverty. Education comes to education, and ignorance to ignorance. Those once victimised by history are likely to be victimised yet again. And those whom history has privileged are more likely to be privileged again." (143)

Answer 60

Since most sociopolitical hierarchies lack a logical or biological basis, history helps us understand how figments of imagination have shaped our society. "Most sociopolitical hierarchies lack a logical or biological basis â€“ they are nothing but the perpetuation of chance events supported by myths. That is one good reason to study history. If the division into blacks and whites or Brahmins and Shudras was grounded in biological realities â€“ that is, if Brahmins really had better brains than Shudras â€“ biology would be sufficient for understanding human society. Since the biological distinctions between different groups of Homo sapiens are, in fact, negligible, biology canâ€™t explain the intricacies of Indian society or American racial dynamics. We can only understand those phenomena by studying the events, circumstances, and power relations that transformed figments of imagination into cruel â€“ and very real â€“ social structures. MD a man holding a His Story Book - history - story fiction - his story, meaning figments of imagination (sexist ideology - women are not equal o men) have shaped our society.

Answer 61

the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group. Myths and fictions accustomed people, nearly from the moment of birth, to think in certain ways, to behave in accordance with certain standards, to want certain things, and to observe certain rules. They thereby created artificial instincts that enabled millions of strangers to cooperate effectively. This network of artificial instincts is called â€˜cultureâ€™. Latin - cultura - ‘growing, cultivation' MD - culture used through history - act of promotoing growth in plants, in fish and oysters (aquaculture), in creating a suitable environment for bacteria bacterial culture, creating the conditions suitable for humans all ficitonal - customary beliefs, think of cult like that in Wild Wild country customary beliefs - research and science above religion, religion would be explored , - communes would replace nations and families, marriage was discouraged as the Bhagwan saw it as inherently dysfunctional, material traits - the ravis wore orange Meaning "the cultivation or rearing of a crop, act of promoting growth in plants" (1620s) was transferred to fish, oysters, etc., by 1796, then to "production of bacteria or other microorganisms in a suitable environment" (1880), then "product of such a culture" (1884) "cultivation through education, systematic improvement and refinement of the mind" is attested by c. 1500; Century Dictionary writes that it was, "Not common before the nineteenth century, except with strong consciousness of the metaphor involved, though used in Latin by Cicero." Meaning "learning and taste, the intellectual side of civilization" is by 1805; the closely related sense of "collective customs and achievements of a people, a particular form of collective intellectual development" is by 1867.

Answer 62

A digit is a single symbol used to make numerals. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 are the ten digits we use in everyday numerals. Example: The numeral 153 is made up of 3 digits ("1", "5" and "3"). Example: The numeral 46 is made up of 2 digits ("4", and "6"). MD - If I take my hand and slap you, you don't even feel it. It might sting you because these digits are separated but all I have to do to put you back in your place is bring those digits together a symbol used to make numerals 0 - 9 are digits. we say 153 is 3 digits because it has the digits 1,5, and 3 Latin digitus ‘finger, toe’; digit (sense 1) arose from the practice of counting on the fingers. MD - have 7 fingers and use the digit 7 - 7 is the single symbol used to make numerals. 753 is made of 3 digits

Answer 63

A numeral is a symbol or name that stands for a number. Examples: 3, 49 and twelve are all numerals. So the number is an idea, the numeral is how we write it. MD - roman numerals - these were symbols to stand for numbers IIV, and 25. The number is constant, but the symbols very depending on what number system you are using.

Answer 64

A pseudocereal is one of any non-grasses that are used in much the same way as cereals (true cereals are grasses). Their seed can be ground into flour and otherwise used as cereals. Examples of pseudocereals are amaranth, quinoa, and buckwheat.

Answer 65

to form (an opinion) prior to actual knowledge or experience. MD - His enamoration with Hawaii made him preconceive his conception. He told people it was at a luau under a palm tree, but he had never asked his parents.

Answer 66

being apparently rather than actually as stated MD - a mother named su dough - a parent? apparently, but not actually. The child is made of ginger bread. apparently.

Sapiens Flashcards

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