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Flashcards in Scale and Cervical study questions Deck (9)
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1
Q

1) small ruminants vs cattle, which are more prone to pressure sores?
2) which have higher nutritional needs/kg BW?
3) why are polar bears larger than other bears?
4) why is the life span of horses >10x that of mice and elephants 2x that of horses?
5) Relate drug doses to body size

A

1) cattle - pressure is a fn of Wt/A; caused by prolonged recumbency
2) small ruminants - E req proportionally greater –> higher metabolic rate and shorter life span so need to eat more food
3) They live in a very cold environment, = larger the animal is –> lower SA in relation to vol –> lower met. rate –> lower heat loss; heat loss is proportional to SA (BM^2/3)
4) heat loss/E req are proportionally smaller in larger animals (in relation to their size) –> lower metabolic rate –> longer life span; ditto for elephants

mice must continually eat (lots of food) to consume enough E to keep up with their high metabolic rate

5) Drug doses/WT are higher for small animals –> metabolize drugs faster (need supplemental heat during anesthesia because they cool faster = higher SA)

2
Q

1) prolonged recumbency –> pressure sores of skin and neuromuscular damage –> How would size of an animal affect vulnerability of such damage and why?
2) Stats show that cats have better survival rates than dogs and humans who fall from tall buildings. Explain

A

1) Pressure is a fn of wt/A; pressure damage is greater in larger animals –> higher amount of wt per A in larger animals (much higher vol in proportion to SA) –> larger amount of pressure pushing on one side of animal in recumbency (less SA proportionally to spread pressure out)
2) Dynamic stress - proportional to strength (force) of muscle which is proportional to cross sectional area. (as size inc, BW inc proportionally more than SA or cross sectional area); smaller animals are proportionally stronger –> less pressure (lower wt/A) when hitting ground

muscle wt = fn of vol; muscle strength = fn of cross sectional A (higher SA in proportion to vol) –> smaller animals stronger (pressure equilibraites over body better)

3
Q

1) In most vertebral regions, the number of spinal nerves is the same as the number of the vertebrae cranial to the nerve. Why are there 8 cervical nerves, but only 7 cervical vertebrae in mammals?
2) What is the main factor effecting cervical length in quadruped mammals?
3) Observe orientation of articular processes in cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions. Correlate this with type of mov’t you would expect (lateral vs. dorso-ventral flexion)
4) How does this shape of the cervical vertebral bodies vary btw horse and dog?

A

1) come from btw the vertebrae so 8 spaces = 8 cervical nerves

***extra at C7-T1, C8

2) cervical length is proportional to forelimb length

Thoracic vertebra make up highest % in horse and pig where cervical vertebra make up highest % in llama

3)
4) cranial end - convex in horse, flat in dogs

caudal end - concave in horse, flat in dogs

vertebral shape is elongated in horse and llama since they have a longer neck

transverse processes with foramena contain vertebral a./n,.

horse vertebrae lack spines; bovine vertebrae have prominent spines

4
Q

1) What is the direction of movement of the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints?
2) How does the bird differ from mammals?
3) How do C1 and C2 differ from all other vertebrae and
4) C7 differ from C3-C7?

A

1) atlanto-occipital joint - “yes” movement, no rotation

atlanto-axial joint - “no” movement, it rotates

2) they have a single occipital condyle so their head is more mobile
3) C1 - atlas lacks a body and C2 - axis only one to have a dens

the wings are highly modified transverse processes

complex transverse processes with foramena for vertebral a./n.

C6 - transverse processes enlarged ventrally

4) Transitional shape, taller spinous process, lack of perforated transverse process, presence of facets for articulation with first pair of ribs

5
Q

4) What is the dewlap and poll?

5) Distinguish poll from polled
6) What is similar in goats and chickens?

A

4) Dewlap - a midventral skin fold of cattle that drags in dew covered long grass –> well developed in tropical breeds –> heat radiator

poll - region btw ears

5) polled - without horns; poll is just rescribing the region
6) wattles (tassels) - chicken like skin appendages common on upper neck of some goats

6
Q

1) Differentiate btw furnicular and lamellar parts of nuchal ligament.
2) What are the attachments of each in the various domestic species?
3) What structure lies dorsal to the nuchal ligament of horse, ox?

A

1) nuchal ligament is the elastic fiber continuation of supraspinous ligament

furnicular - thoracic spines to skull

lamellar - thoracic spines to C2-C7 (splits in two)

furnicular and lamellar parts only in horse and ruminants

2) no nuchal ligament in swine

Dog - thoracic spines to spine of axis (similar to furnicular part)

horse and rum (see #1)

3) cattle - rhomboideus (better developed in males)

horse - nuchal fatty crest

7
Q

1) What is meant by androgen hypertrophy?
2) What fn does it serve?
3) When is it seasonal?
4) Which muscle is most affected in cattle?
5) What is the rut?

A

1) enlargement of muscles due to androgens (anabolic steroids)
2) increase strength, power = to carry and fight with antlers (buck deer, elk in rut)

3)

4) rhomboideus –> androgens

5)

8
Q

1) In which species does the thymus extend significantly into the cervical region?
2) The internal jugular v is usually absent in the ____ and largest in the __________ of all domestic mammals.
3) Which mammalian species has the largest internal jugular vein?
4) What are the anatomic boundaries of the jugular groove in horse and ox?
5) What are the boundaries of Viborg’s triangle?

A

1) pig and ruminants (calf)
2) absent in horses, largest in swine (of all domestic mammals)
3) humans?
4) dorsal - cleidomastoideus

ventral - sternomandibularis

deep - sternomastoideus (ox)

omohyoideus (hrose)

5) drain abscessed retropharyngeal lymph nodes in strangulation (caused by pressure of swollen lymph nodes causing strangulation of upper airway)

sternocephalicus/sternomandibularis, angle(ramus) of mandible and linguofacial vein

9
Q

1) What are the landmarks for venipuncture in camelids
2) The tracheal lymphatic duct issues from the _____________lymph node. The lymph nodes that lie along the trachea are called the ________ lymph nodes in the cervical region and the ____________lymph nodes in the thorax

A

1) cranial ventral parts of C5/6 transverse processes; jugular vein ventral to transverse processes

no jugular groove –> transverse processes don’t overlap jugular vein

2) issues from retropharyngeal lymph node

deep cervical lymph nodes (trachea)

cranial mediastinal lymph nodes (thorax)