Scales of measurement and describing data Flashcards

(54 cards)

1
Q

Collective influence of all the factors on a test score or measurement beyond those specifically measured by the test or measurement

A

Error

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2
Q

Scale of measurement: Classification/categorization based on one or more distinguishing characteristics (e.g. DSM, Yes/no questions)

A

Nominal scale

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3
Q

Scale of measurement: Imply nothing about how much greater one ranking is than another; no absolute zero point (e.g. Binet intelligence test); cant be averaged

A

Ordinal scale

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4
Q

Scale of measurement: Equal intervals between numbers; no testaker posseses none of the ability or trait being measured; no absolute zero point; can be averaged

A

Interval scale

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5
Q

Scale of measurement: Zero has meaning; assessment in neurological functioning

A

Ratio scale

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6
Q

Scale of measurement that is most frequently used

A

Ordinal scale

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7
Q

A set of test scores arrayed for recording or study

A

distribution

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8
Q

All scores are listed alongside the number of times each score occurred

A

Frequency distribution

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9
Q

3 kinds of graphs for frequency distribution

A

Histogram, bar graph, frequency polygon

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10
Q

Vertical lines drawn at the true limits of each test score (class intervals)

A

Histogram

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11
Q

Continuous line connecting points where test scores or class intervals meet frequencies

A

Frequency polygon

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12
Q

Indicates the average or midmost score between the extreme scores in a distribution

A

Measures of central tendency

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13
Q

Measure of central tendency: appropriate for interval or ratio data

A

mean

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14
Q

Measure of central tendency: Appropriate for ordinal, interval, ratio data

A

median

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15
Q

Measure of central tendency: most frequently occurring score in a distribution of scores

A

Mode

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16
Q

Measure of central tendency: only for nominal; useful in analyses of qualititative data or verbal nature; can convey a wealth of info in addition to the mean

A

mode

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17
Q

Indication of how scores in a distribution are scattered or dispersed

A

Variability

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18
Q

Difference between highest and lowest scores;simplest measure of variability

A

Range

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19
Q

Distribution of test scores can be divided into 4 parts

A

Quartile

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20
Q

Difference between q3 and q1

A

interquartile range

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21
Q

interquartile range divided by 2

A

semi-interquartile range

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22
Q

Square root of the average squared deviations about the mean

A

Standard deviation

23
Q

Arithmetic mean of the squares of the differences between the scores in a distribution and their mean; square and sum all deviation scored and divide by total number of scores

24
Q

Indication of how the measurements in a distribution are distributed

25
Few scores fall at the high end of distribution; exam was too difficult; q3-q2 distance greater than q2-q1
Positive Skew
26
Scores fall on the low end of the distribution; test was too easy; q3-q2 distance less than q2-q1
Negative skew
27
Steepness of a distribution in its center
kurtosis
28
Kurtosis: relatively flat
Platykurtic
29
Kurtosis: relatively peaked
Leptokurtic
30
Kurtosis: Somewhere in the middle
mesokurtic
31
Simplifies rhe interpretation of individual scores on the test; both sides approach x-axis asymptotically
The normal curve (laplace-gaussian curve)
32
The first person to refer the normal curve
Karl pearson
33
Area on the normal curve between 2 and 3 SD above and below the mean
Tail
34
__% all scores occur between the mean and 1SD above the mean
34%
35
Approximately _% of all scores occur between the mean and +_ 1SD
68%
36
Approximately _% of all scores occur between the mean and +_2SD
95%
37
A raw score that has been converted from one scale to another scale
Standard score
38
Conversion of a raw score into a number indicating how many SD units the raw score is below or above the mean of a distribution; zero plus,minus scale
z-score
39
T in T-score means...
Thorndike
40
mean=50; sd=10 ; no scores are negative and used for aptitude tests
t-scores
41
Take on whole values from 1-9, which represent a range of performance that is half of a SD in width;Used for achievement tests
Stanine
42
mean=100; sd=15
deviation IQ
43
1-10 scale; mean=5.5, SD=2; used for personality tests
Sten
44
Represent how an individual test taker's score compares to the scores that are equal or below a certain score within a given sample
percentile
45
Retains a direct numerical relationship to the original raw score; magnitude of differences between such standard scores exactly parallels the differences between corresponding raw scores
Linear transformation
46
Data not normally distributed yet comparisons with normal distributions need to be made
non-linear transformation
47
Normalized standard score scale
involves stretching the skewed curve into the shape of a normal curve and creating a corresponding scale of standard scores
48
Also called as maximal performance test
Ability test
49
Measure usual or habitual thoughts, feelings and behavior.
Typical performance test
50
Compare the relative strength of different characteristics within a test taker and therefore often used "forced choice" test items
Ipsative score
51
The more the test taker responds in a particular direction keyed by the test manual as correct or consistent with a particular trait, the higher the test taker is presumed to be on targeted ability of trait
cumulative scoring
52
Component of a test score attributable to sources other than the trait
Error variance
53
Positive skew
mean is greater than the median, while median is greater than mode
54
Negative skew
mean is lesser than the median while median is lesser than mode