Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Computer Science year 1 > SCC141: term 1 > Flashcards

SCC141: term 1 Flashcards

Professionalism (112 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What describes a system?

A
  • a collection of interrelated parts that form a whole
    -a change in any part can lead to change in other parts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the systems development lifecycle?

A

-process of designing, creating and delivering a system to a client, that meets the specifications set out by the client

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the stages of the systems development lifecycle?

A

-planning
-analysis
-design
-implementation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the purpose of the planning stage in the systems development lifecycle and what are it’s typical outputs?

A

-why does system need to be developed
-how will it be developed
-calculate resource requirements

-project goals, initial work plan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

in the planning portion of systems development lifecycle, what is a cost-benefit analysis?

A

breaks down total system costs:
-development costs
-operational costs
-tangible benefits (revenue)
-intangible benefits (not quantifiable)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the purpose of the analysis stage of the systems development lifecycle and what does it involve?

A

-who will use the system?
-where/when will it be used?
-understand existing systems
-identify improvements/define requirements

-gather data from prospective users

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are requirements?

A

-statements of what the system should do and characteristics it should have

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does PACT stand for?

A

-People: who will use the system
-Activities: what will it be used for?
-Context: in what environment will it be used?
-Technology: what tech is currently used/ could be used?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are some examples of traits of prospective users that need to be acknowledged?

A

-language
-skill
-cognitive state
-physical abilities
-emotion
-in/frequent user?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what aspects of activities needs to be acknowledged in analysis?

A

-in/frequently done activities
-continuous/interrupted processes
-individual or cooperative?
-time requirements
-error tolerance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what aspects of context need to be considered in analysis?

A

-physical environment
-social environment
-organisational context

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what aspects of technology should be considered?

A

-inputs/outputs
-communications
-networked?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the purpose of the design portion of the systems development lifecycle and what is the output of this stage??

A

-how will the system operate?
-design architecture/interface/databases/file specifications
-interface design

-system specification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are aspects of interface design that should be considered?

A

-how will users interact with the system?
-navigation mechanisms
-input mechanisms
-storage mechanisms
-output mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the key aspects of the Implementation portion of the systems development cycle?

A

-building the system
-testing it’s function
-installation
-system maintenance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the stages of testing?

A

-unit testing: testing each module on its own
-integration testing: do components work together
-acceptance testing: does the system meet the user requirement
-user testing: seeing how users interact with the system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does maintaining a system involve?

A

-responding to issues/errors that are encountered
-keeping software up to date
-not just maintaining original functionality, but improving it too

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are some models for system development?

A

-waterfall development
-rapid application development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what does waterfall development involve?

A

-sequentially moving through planning/analysis/design/implementation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does rapid application development involve?

A

-development is centred around features/goals instead of working sequentially through stages
-work through each stage for one feature, then each stage for another feature etc….

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the advantages of waterfall development?

A

-requirements are identified early in development with limited change
-supports high security needs for a system
-easy to arrange, as tasks are completed sequentially

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the disadvantages of waterfall development?

A

-time consuming
-inflexible
-software not developed until late
-high overhead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the advantages of rapid application development?

A

-easier to make changes mid way through, more flexible
-requirements can change
-user feedback obtained earlier in development
-software delivered very quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are some key features of rapid application development?

A

-feature oriented, not activity oriented
-rapid development
-work in small iterations
-deliver version of software at each iteration
-review/adapt/make changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what are some examples of rapid application development?
-iterative development -system prototyping -throwaway prototyping
26
what are the disadvantages of rapid application development?
-challenging to integrate software at the end -difficult to plan/merge -less controlled -hard to scale for larger system -less documentation
27
what are requirements?
-key operations that a prospective system must be able to perform. -key characteristics it must have
28
why are requirements important?
-make sure client is satisfied with the outcome -provides a framework for project goals
29
what are some types of requirements?
-user requirements -functional requirements -non-functional requirements -system requirements
30
what are functional requirements?
-what the system must be able to do -PROCESSES the system must perform -INFORMATION the system must provide
31
what are non-functional requirements?
-qualities or characteristics needed in the system -related to usability/performance -maintainability/security/legality -UI design -ethical/safety requirements
32
what are some types of non-functional requirements>
-product requirements -organisational requirements -external requirements: eg laws on data storage
33
what are some requirements for requirements?
-clear and specific -measurable, can be tested
34
what is requirements engineering?
-making sure the system being designed is the one specified by the requirements given by the client
35
what are the stages of requirements engineering?
-elicitation -analysis -documentation -verification + validation
36
what is requirements elicitation?
-gathering data through methods like: --questionnaires --interviews --observations --focus groups --prototyping
37
what is requirements analysis?
-looking over elicited requirements -looking for plausibility -conflicts/contradictions? -any key requirements missing?
38
what does documentation of requirements involve?
-numbering/ranking requirements -splitting into functional/non-functional
39
what does verification involve?
-checking with users that requirements have been met -checking with clients that they are satisfied with the system that has been made
40
what are some aspects that should be taken into account when considering user capability?
-physiological aspects: senses/movement/(dis)ability -cognitive aspects: attention/memory/learning -affective aspects: emotional responses
41
what are some measures of usability?
-learnability -efficiency -memorability -errors -satisaction
42
what is usability?
-interactive products should be easy to learn, effective to use, enjoyable for a user
43
what are some methods to evaluate usability?
-inspection methods: evaluation against usability principles, simulating user interaction -inquiry methods: observations, interviews and focus groups -testing methods: usability testing
44
describe nielson's usability heuristics?
-a set of rules for creating a system that caters to it's intended users -does the system do what the user needs? -can users easily use the system's features?
45
what actually are nielson's usability CHARACTERISTICS?
-learnability -efficiency -memorability -errors- low error rate -satisfaction
46
how can usability be evaluated (approaches)?
-analytic approaches: assessing against heuristics and guidelines -empirical approaches: observations, surveys etc.
47
what are heuristics?
-a practical approach to problem solving -aim for a sufficient solution, not a perfect one
48
list as many of nielson's usability heuristics as possible
-simple and natural dialogue -speak the user's language -minimise memory load -consistency -feedback -clearly marked exits (to windows) -shortcuts -good/clear error messages -error prevention -help and documentation
49
how does assessing the UX differ from usability testing?
-overall experience and feelings a user has from using a system -focusses on subjective experience, not practical functionality
50
what are dark patterns?
-deceptive UI designs intended to trick users into performing actions they don't intend to -exploiting human behaviours for the benefit of the service provider -usually involves users surrendering personal information.
51
what is a "roach motel" dark pattern and an example?
-situations that are easy to enter but hard to get out of -e.g. subscribing to emails
52
what is forced continuity in dark patterns? give an example
-user is not informed that their information is still being used. -e.g. submitting credit card information for a free trial, being automatically billed without notice when it runs out
53
what is "bait and switch" as a dark pattern? give an example
-users intend to complete one action but complete another one instead -e.g. hidden links, information in fine print that the user unknowingly
54
what is "privacy zuckering" as a dark pattern?
-confusing interfaces -aims to confuse user into providing more personal information than is necessary.
55
what is digital accessibility?
-question of whether a system can be used by anyone -regardless of disability -regardless of previous knowledge
56
What is the main issue with attitudes to accessible systems?
-not just boxes to be ticked -developers should be aiming to make their systems accessible to as many people as possible
57
what is the social model of disability?
-disability caused by the way society is organised- exclusionary -aims to help develop more inclusive ways of living
58
what is the medical model of disability?
-defines disability through their impairments or differences to the "norm" -creates low expectations and often leads to loss of independance
59
what are the 4 web accessibility principles?
-perceivable -operable -understandable -robust
60
what are nielson's USABILITY characteristics?
-learnability -efficiency -memorability -errors -satisfaction
61
what does the accessibility principle of "perceivable" describe?
-can users perceive all essential information? -is there any content that would be difficult for the visually impaired to perceive? -could captions/audio transcripts/audio descriptions be added?
62
what does the accessibility principle of operable describe?
-can users operate the system properly? -can user control any interactive elements properly?
63
what does the accessibility principle of robust describe?
-are assistive technologies supported? -as devices evolve, will the system remain accessible?
64
what does the accessibility principle of understandability describe?
-can users understand the information presented to them by the system? -can users understand the operation of the system?
65
what is design ethnography?
-observing/interviewing/researching how users respond to the design of a system -done with a prototype so adjustments can be made where needed
66
what is participatory design?
-involving end users in design process to ensure the system meets requirements -example in lecture involved children to try identify risks that weren't considered by designers
67
what are the 4 zones of the risk mitigation checklist?
-authority and discipline: will technology undermine authority? -malevolence or accidental harm: could the system or it's data be used for malevolent purposes? -emotionality and socialisation: how might the technology intensify the vulnerability of users? -governance and accounting: could this technology be extended? how will these individuals be vetted?
68
what is value sensitive design?
-designing a system "correctly" -making sure it adheres to human values
69
what is scepticism in value sensitive design?
-being aware of flaws in your system and adjusting parameters to respond to it -for example with automated systems, seeking additional data to avoid bias in decision making
70
what is curiosity in value sensitive design?
-assessing how your system responds to different input values -allowing boundary/invalid cases through to assess how the system responds -'safe exploration'
71
what is intellectual property?
-any unique product of human intellect that has commercial value
72
what are intellectual property rights?
-legal rights that protect: --creative works --inventions --intangible assets of a business
73
what does copyright law protect?
-the expression of an idea (to generate revenue), not the idea itself -
74
what laws come under intellectual property rights?
-copyright -patents -law of confidence -design rights -trademarks
75
what are patents?
-give owner exclusive rights to an invention for up to 20 years -prevents the independent development of products based on the same idea
76
what is the downside to patents?
-not automatic -application process is long and difficult -in order to qualify: --new invention --involving an inventive step --capable of industrial application --fully disclosed
77
what are laws of confidence?
-used to protect intellectual property before copyrights/patents can be obtained -confidential information: NDAs
78
why are intellectual property rights not granted to AI?
-only protects original ideas of humans -means that people can not profit from the "ideas" put forward by AI
79
what is piracy?
-act of trading with (profiting from) other people's ideas/creations
80
what act combats piracy?
-Digital economy act of 2017 --Increased the maximum jail time for internet piracy to 10 years (modifies CDPA 1988)
81
what is the concept of shareware?
-freely distributed content that consumers can give money for if they want. -prevents pirates making money from sharing content, as it is already available for free.
82
what is an example of shareware being successful?
radiohead releasing 'in rainbows' in 2007 for free. Average payment/donation = £2.80
83
what was 1988....
Copyright, design and patents act
84
what is SGSA?
supply of goods and services act
85
when was SGSA?
1982
86
what does SGSA dictate?
-that those hired to provide a service (build software for a client) do so with: -care and skill -in a reasonable time -at a reasonable price
87
what are some examples of negligence?
-sharing personal data -flaws in the provided product -voicing personal opinions online
88
what is good practice in systems development when it comes to ethics?
-not just meeting ethical guidelines, but actively trying to build an ethical system
89
what is GDPR and when was it introduced?
-general data protection regulation -replaced/enhanced data protection act in 2018
90
what did the data protection act outline?
-anyone can request a copy of personal data being held about you -dictated secure data storage from organisations -fines for those not complying
91
what were the enhancements made by GDPR
-introduced right to be forgotten: users can request that all data being stored about them be deleted -organisations must notify the authorities of data breaches within 72 hours -fines up to 20m or 4% of global turnover
92
what are the seven principles of GDPR?
-lawfulness, fairness and transparency -purpose limitation (data collection only when necessary) -data minimisation (data relevant and needed) -accuracy (up to date) -secure data storage -confidentiality (unauthorised access) -accountability (record data accesses)
93
what is the difference between personal data and sensitive personal data?
-sensitive personal data is about protected attributes: health,race,religion -needs greater justification for collection -data must be protected with higher measures
94
what is the equality act and when was it implemented?
-protects against discrimination of protected groups -prevents unfair treatment of someone based on protected characteristics -prevents actions that disadvantage protected groups -implemented in 2010
95
how might the equality act be violated?
-for example AI models trained using data in a way that promotes discrimination against protected groups
96
what are factsheets with reference to AI?
-documents that provide key details about an AI systems purpose, design, data and performance
97
what are the levels of failures used to identify system failures
-regulatory failures: lack of regulation/training -managerial failures: safety, authority, quality control -hardware failures -software failures -human failures
98
when assessing a system failure, what aspects are important to consider?
-technical components -people, knowledge, processes -organisational context -environment
99
how can a complex system be identified?
-complex interactions: unfamiliar unplanned or unexpected sequences -tightly coupled: time dependant processes, rigidly ordered processes
100
what is dependability with regards to a system?
-a computer system that is reliable such that users can confidently place trust in the service it delivers
101
what are the attributes of a dependable system according to laprie's model?
-availability: system is available when required -reliability: can specified services be performed? -safety: can system operate without catastrophic failure -security: can system defend itself against intrusion?
102
what are secondary attributes of a dependable system according to laprie's model?
-timeliness: does system respond within a reasonable time frame -survivability: can system still perform after an attack -recoverability: can system recover from user/system errors? -maintainability: can system be repaired when an error/fault is identified/recovered
103
what are the classifications of faults, errors and failures according to laprie's model?
-system failure -system error -system fault -human error or mistake
104
what are the classes of mitigation methods as defined in laprie's model?
-fault avoidance -fault tolerance -fault removal -fault forecasting
105
what comes under professional conduct?
-public interest -professional competence and integrity -duty to relevant authority -duty to profession
106
what comes under public interest with reference to professional conduct?
-rights of third parties, copyright and intellectual property -professional activities WITHOUT discrimination -promote equal access to benefits of IT
107
what comes under professional competence and integrity with reference to professional conduct?
-being familiar with (potentially updated) legislation -continuous professional development
108
what comes under duty to relevant authority with reference to professional conduct?
-acting with due care and diligence in accordance with authorities -behaving professionally with: --conflict of interest --confidential information --misrepresentation or withholding information
109
what comes under duty to the profession with regards to professional conduct?
-duty to support colleagues in skill development -taking responsibility if in a managerial position
110
what is the ACM code of ethics and professional conduct?
ethics guideline for computing professionals that specifies: -contribute to human well-being -avoid harm -don't discriminate -respect new ideas, creative works -respect privacy -honor confidentiality -aim for high quality -have high standards for professional competence
111
what is GEMS?
generic error modelling system -provides structured framework for system design with error minimisation, detection and correction -primarily focuses on non-deliberate error
112
how can system errors be planned for?
-increase system visibility -include errors in training -design user centred interfaces- minimise user errors -design for errors

Computer Science year 1 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions