Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio psych > Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Schizophrenia Flashcards

1
Q

What is schizophrenia

A

Disorder of thought and mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the incidence of schizophrenia

A

About 1%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the three types of symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Negative
Cognitive
Positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Poverty of speech [alogia], Low initiative [avolition], Apathy
Social withdrawal, Anhedonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

difficulty with sustained attention
low psychomotor speed
Deficits in learning and memory
Poor abstract thinking and problem solving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Delusions [beliefs that are contrary to reality]
Hallucinations [perceptions that occur in the absence of stimuli]
Thought disorder [disorganised and irrational]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What have adoption studies shown about schizophrenia

A

Adopted adult schizophrenics are likely to have schizophrenic biological relates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What have twin studies shown about schizoophrenia?

A

Concordance rates are higher for identical than fraternal twins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is believed to be the role of genes in schizophrenia

A

May pass on susceptibility to develop schizophrenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the two major hypotheses as to etiology of schizophrenia?

A
  1. Dopamine hypothesis [positive symptoms are consequence of over activity of brain dopaminergic synapses]
  2. Atrophy of brain [explain negative symptoms]
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What was originally identified as effective antipsychotic agent?

A

Chlorpromazine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does chlorpromazine do?

A

blocks DA receptors [D2]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do drugs that block DA receptors do?

A

reverse schizophrenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do amphetamines do

A

release DA - produce positive symptoms of schizophrenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where is dopamine overactivity likely to be located in schizophrenia?

A

in mesolimbic pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the pathway in mesolimbic pathway that’s essential for reinforcement?

A

Ventral tegmental to nucleus accumbens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are possible causes of increased DA transmission in schizophrenics?

A

Increased DA release
Increased postsynaptic response to DA release
Prolonged activation of postsynaptic receptors

18
Q

What are the three ways that DA release can be increased in transmission?

A

More excitatory input to DA neurones
Less inhibitory input to DA neurones
Fewer or defective autoreceptors on DA neurones

19
Q

What are the two ways that postsynaptic response to DA release in transmission can be increased?

A

More postsynaptic DA receptors

Greater response in postsynaptic neurones to activation of DA receptors

20
Q

How can DA postsynaptic receptors be activated longer?

A

Decrease reuptake of DA by DA terminal button

21
Q

Why is it difficult to discover the cause of increased DA transmission in schizophrenia?

A

Probably different for different patients

22
Q

What does chlorpromazine do to postsynaptic receptor?

A

Biologically inert - doesn’t open a channel, blocks it instead tf reducing dopamine pathways

23
Q

What does amphetamine do to neurotransmitters?

A

promotes release and inhibits uptake

24
Q

What was effect of amphetamine dose on striatum of schizophrenics?

A

Greater release of dopamine [shown in PET studies], related to the increase in positive schizophrenia symptoms

25
Q

What have studies of dopamine receptors in schizophrenic brains shown?

A

Postmortem studies suggest increased D2 receptors in striatum

  • may be due to exposure of anti-psychotic drugs
  • could be wrong site
  • schizophrenia may be related to D4 or D3 sites
26
Q

What do antipsychotic medications do for schizophrenia?

A

diminish the thought disorder

27
Q

What causes the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Brain damage

28
Q

What are neurological signs evidence in schizophrenia

A

eye tracking problems
catatonia
problems with blinking, eye focusing and visual pursuit

29
Q

Describe brain ventricles in schizophrenics?

A

Enlarged

30
Q

What do enlarged brain ventricles indicate?

A

loss of brain cells

31
Q

What are the abnormal regions of schizophrenic brain?

A

Prefrontal cortex
Medial temporal lobes
Medial diencephalon

32
Q

What prenatal events might cause brain damage in schizophrenia?

A

Birth trauma
Viral infections that impair neural development during second trimester
Nutritional issues
Maternal stress [compromising immune system of mother]
Shared placenta vs separate placenta

33
Q

When are people with schizophrenia more likely to be born

A

late winter or early spring

34
Q

WHat is hypofrontality?

A

decreased activity of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex [behavioural flexibility - card sorting tasks]

35
Q

What relationship does PCP have with NMDA receptors

A

indirect antagonist [in dlpfc]

36
Q

What are NMDA receptors?

A

most common glutamate receptors

37
Q

What does PCP to do excitatory glutamate receptors?

A

Antagonises them, particularly in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and reduces dopamine usage in the area [decreased capacity]
[different in mesolimbic area]

38
Q

What are the negative and positive symptoms produced by PCP?

A

underactivity in prefrontal cortex

overactivity in nucleus accumbens

39
Q

What does PCP do to nucleus accumbens?

A

results in positive symptoms of schizoprenia [increased activity]

40
Q

What do new antipsychotic drugs like clozapine and aripiprazole do as treatment for schizophrenia?

A

improve both positive and negative symptoms
reduce dopamine release in mesolimbic system
increase it in the PFC

Bio psych (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions