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Bio psych > Learning and Memory revision > Flashcards

Learning and Memory revision Flashcards

0
Q

In epilepsy, are neurons firing synchronously or dysynchronously?

A

synchronously

that’s what causes the seizure

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1
Q

What causes epileptic seizures?

A

Sudden excitation in group of neurons with loss of inhibitory potential

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2
Q

What happens at excitatory synapses?

A

If glutamate is released into synapse, makes it more likely next neuron will fire

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3
Q

Is epilepsy caused by increase in glutamate or reduction in GABA?

A

reduction in GABA

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4
Q

What has informed us more than anything else about memory function?

A

TLE

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5
Q

What is TLE?

A

recurrent unprovoked seizures originating from medial or lateral temporal lobe

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6
Q

What does medial, lateral mean?

A

Middle, outside

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7
Q

What is difference between simple or complex seizure?

A

simple = auras
complex = loss of consciousness
All TLE’s start simple

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8
Q

What is sclerosis?

A

deterioration of cells or cell death

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9
Q

What else causes TLE?

A

past infections, tumours, vascular malformation

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10
Q

Is TLE usually bilateral or unilateral?

A

unilateral

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11
Q

What was resected in HMs surgery?

A

Amygdala, hippocampi, part of parahippocampal gyri

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12
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Impairment for memories created prior to injury

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13
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Can’t learn new things

Can’t recall experiences / information learnt after injury

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14
Q

What is declarative memory?

A

Ability to consciously access information

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15
Q

What was HM’s ability re declarative and procedural memory?

A

Declarative: very bad
Procedural: fine

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16
Q

How is procedural memory developed?

A

repetitive practice

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17
Q

What do left MTL lesions result in?

A

Verbal memory impairment

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18
Q

What do right MTL lesions result in?

A

Non-verbal / visual memory impairment

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19
Q

Does TLE lead to memory impairment?

A

Yes

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20
Q

What is verbal v non-verbal memory impairment?

A 
verbal = language based [written and spoken]
non-verbal = non-language based [visual]
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21
Q

What is hippocampus proper?

A

Ammon’s Horn [CA1 to CA3]

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22
Q

What is hippocampal formation?

A

dentate gyrus, CA1, CA3, subiculum

23
Q

Where does entorhinal cortex receive info from?

A

parahippocampal and perirhinal cortices

24
Q

What does hippocampus do with different modes of memory?

A

Puts them all together - can know what we saw, what we felt, what we touched

25
Q

What is consolidation theory of memory?

A

After a period of consolidation, information can be retrieved independently of hippocampal information [Squire]

26
Q

What is multiple trace theory of memory?

A

Retrieval of autobiographical / episodic experiences always involves hippocampal system [Moscovich]

27
Q

Which part of brain is particularly important for relational memory tasks? [eg name with face, meaning with a word]

A

Hippocampal system

28
Q

How do we test relational memory?

A

paired association task [between arbitrarily things]

29
Q

What are the three regions of the extra-temporal brain that are involved in memory?

A

Papez’s circuit
frontal lobes
diencephalon

30
Q

What does Papez’s circuit include?

A 
mamillary bodies [hypothalamus]
fornix
ATN [thalamus]
cingulate gyrus
hippocampus
31
Q

What is process of Papez’s circuit

A

hippocampus - fornix - mamillary bodies - ATN - cingulate cortex - hippocampus

32
Q

What do lesions to Papez’s circuit result in?

A

Declarative memory impairment

33
Q

Which parts of papez’s circuit are most likely to be lesioned in declarative memory impairment?

A

Hippocampal

ATN

34
Q

Where is spatial memory most likely formed?

A

right hippocampal lesions

35
Q

What do the frontal lobes do?

A

Motor programming [motor and premotor cortices - posterior FL]
Cognitive control processes [prefrontal cortex]

36
Q

What are cognitive control processes?

A

problem solving, reasoning, planning, monitoring, self correction

37
Q

Where are strategies for memory encoding and retrieval developed and implemented?

A

Frontal lobes

38
Q

Where are contextual details of memories stored?

A

DLPF

39
Q

What is the diencephalon comprised of?

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

40
Q

Where are mamillary bodies?

A

Component of hypothalamus

41
Q

What is dorsal medial nuclei of thalamus involved in?

A

Deficits in selecting appropriate information to be retrieved

42
Q

What is intralaminar/midline nuclei of thalamus involved in?

A

deficits in memory, memory retrieval

43
Q

What is ion released into cell in excitatory synapse?

A

Sodium

44
Q

What is released in an inhibitory synapse?

A

Potassium

45
Q

What does LTP cause?

A

More receptors to be added to post synaptic cell

46
Q

What are the long term synaptic changes in LTP?

A

Increased sensitivity of receptors to glutamate
Increased amount of glutamate released by pre-synaptic cell
Protein synthesis in post-synaptic dendrites

47
Q

Where is LTP most likely to occur?

A

Hippocampus, entorhinal cortex

48
Q

What do postsynaptic receptors do?

A

Detect the presence of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft

49
Q

What is the ‘docking’ of synaptic vesicles?

A

When clusters of protein molecules attach to other protein molecules in presynaptic membrane

50
Q

What opens the calcium channels in presynaptic membrane?

A

depolarisation of membrane by action potential

51
Q

What ions depolarise the post-synaptic cell?

A

Sodium [most important], Calcium

52
Q

What ions hyperpolarise the postsynaptic cell?

A

potassium

53
Q

what does depolarisation of postsynaptic cell cause?

A

EPSP

54
Q

What does hyperpolarisation of postsynaptic cell cause?

A

IPSP

55
Q

What does opening of chloride channels in postsynaptic cell do?

A

neutralises EPSPs

Bio psych (14 decks)

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