scholarship backwards

Question 1

• seers had an important role in society, as shown by their decision around battles, but they weren’t seen as reliable as talking directly to the gods by visiting an oracle

Answer 1

Eidinow - seers

Question 2

the act of making a vow/offering would reassure the individual that their relationship with the god was strong without necessarily taking away the pain of an illness

Answer 2

McGuire - healing cults

Question 3

the scale and audacity of their thinking was breath-taking

Answer 3

Hughes - pre-socratics

Question 4

• the most oppressive crisis for the individual is illness
• placebo effect should not be underestimated

Answer 4

Burket - healing cults x2

Question 5

The pythia composed oracles and directly reported them to clients

disagrees with Bowden

Answer 5

Flowers - oracles and who does he disagree with

Question 6

epithets depict different gods which are strongly associated with places they are born or thought to reside - their sanctuaries

Answer 6

Eidinow - EPITHETS

Question 7

in the clouds, socrates (representing philosophers in general) is presented as unmanly and immoral as he teaches others to argue their way out of debt

Answer 7

RObson - socrates (Clouds

Question 8

the main point of sacrifice was for a nutritional meal

Answer 8

deteinne and vernant - sacrifice

Question 9

“Gods overflowed like clothes from an overfilled drawer which no one felt obliged to tidy”

Answer 9

Parker - GODS

Question 10

sanctuaries were multidimensional and served the needs of their communities as a whole

Answer 10

marinatos - sanctuaries

Question 11

Xenophanes broke with tradition. his criticism of amoral Homeric Gods in homeric poetic form was never refuted but also did not reach a wide audience.

contrasts with Griffin, they are not amoral but offer divine justice

Answer 11

Burket Xenophanes. who does it contrast

Question 12

there are different ideas to the function of anatomical votive offerings - to draw attention to the injury / to give thanksgiving

Answer 12

Graham - healing cults

Question 13

libation bowels could be designed to make sacrifices cheaper by appearing to contain more liquid than they do

Answer 13

Skinner - libations

Question 14

the attic demes were integrated into the religious life of the athenian state while preserving their own individuality - they would have festivals for local heroes but not during the panathenaia

Answer 14

price - religion and society demes

Question 15

the ancient greek contests were a big news event, drawing tens of thousands of spectators and turning top athletes into living legends

Answer 15

Swaddling - olympics

Question 16

Gods are not portrayed as being amoral (in Homer’s epics), but instead offer divine justice

Answer 16

Griffin - GODS

Question 17

the greeks joined mystery cults in hope of a better afterlife that was expected

Answer 17

Garland - eleusinian mysteries

Question 18

people were open to other forms of the gods as shown by their worship of aniconic images eg unworked stone

Answer 18

Aston - aniconic

Question 19

rituals are repetitive moments which define people’s social status

Answer 19

Bell - rituals

Question 20

the act of killing the animal is the moment of giving

Answer 20

Aston - sacrifice

Question 21

The collapse of the authority of the poets and myth administered by the pre-socratics did not bring an end to religion which was too intimately interwoven with life but had a liberating effect for reflection on the divine

Answer 21

Burket - success of the presocratics ?

Question 22

the power of the gods over the universe is preserves but in place of mythical personalities stands an omnipotent power, the divine

Answer 22

Burket Xenophanes and presocratics (omni)

Question 23

the greeks didnt see any inconsistency with differing versions of the same god and the two could happily exist

Answer 23

Aston - EPITHETS

Question 24

religion impregnated each and every civic activity. festivals were a part of life “there is an inseparability of festivals from the definition of greek civic life”

Answer 24

zaidman - religion and society

Question 25

while women did serve very important goddesses, men's priesthoods w=on the whole were more prestigious as demonstrated by the fact that they were much more expensive

Answer 25

Dillon - religion and society WOMEN

Question 26

religious rituals accompanied every stage of life and were shaped by polis religion. however, traditional practices such as binding spells were individual and not sanctioned by the polis a they could divide a community.

Answer 26

eidinow - religion and society binding spells

Question 27

the eleusinian mysteries were a great source of pride for athens

Answer 27

Walton - eleusinian mysteries

Question 28

cult receiving heroes had whole carcass of animals burned in their honour

Answer 28

Aston - hero cults

Question 29

whilst the oracle was the focus of delphi, the delphians also promoted it as a place to visit and admire the impressive buildings

Answer 29

Eidinow - oracles at delphi

Question 30

Gods make epic more exciting as their unheroic qualities provide a total change of atmosphere and behaviour

Answer 30

kirk - GODS

Question 31

"it was found unthinkable to try to overcome any major crisis wihtout religion"

Answer 31

Burket - religion and society

Question 32

the priests at the temple composed the statements, and not the pythia disagrees with flowers

Answer 32

Bowden - oracles and who does he disagree with

Question 33

the religious system of the polis shaped all cult activity within its boundaries and beyond, shaping individual religious practices.

Answer 33

Sourvinou-Irwood - religion and society

Question 34

People carried out traditional worship of the gods in imitation of their forefathers which was largely not questioned

Answer 34

Aston - forefathers

Question 35

Socrates spoke of the daimonion that guided him. this was open to misinterpretation as dealings with spirits and cost him his life

Answer 35

Burket - socrates daimonion

Question 36

religious authority lay in the hands of the state and the state alone. it is nearly impossible to separate religious personnel from political personnel

Answer 36

Chaniotis - religion and society

Question 37

argues against Sourvinou-irwood the polis did not control household religion but that it regulated itself through following tradition

Answer 37

Naiden - religion adn society and argues against who

Question 38

libations are essential to any invocation, prayer or sacrifice to the gods

Answer 38

Burket - libations

Question 39

- the promise of losing the terror of death and receiving a blessed life in another world is very much at the forefront of the mysteries - the initiation was an act of individual choice. most but not all athenians were initiated

Answer 39

Burket -eleusinian mysteries x2

Question 40

the greeks created gods which resembled themselves in every way and they wanted to encounter and interact with their deities

Answer 40

Aston - ANTHROPOMORPHISM

Question 41

- eleusinian mysteries were the next best things to immortality - the initiates would experience a terrifying death-like experience followed by euphoria in the initiation process

Answer 41

Seaford - eleusinian mysteries x2

Question 42

personal religion combines aspects of public and private as individuals could alter beliefs and practices of the polis but also appreciate public sacrifices and festivals on a personal levels

Answer 42

Kindt - religion and society

Question 43

politics, social life, and religion are entwined. religious practices are embedded in society and politics define your position within the community (eg by neglecting graves, you are shunned politically and socially)

Answer 43

Eidinow religion and society

Question 44

Socrates is a new voice in the Athenian intellectual movements and is always thriving to seek wisdom but does not claim to be wise or know answers Socrates was a scapegoat for people who wanted to get back at those who had temporarily ended democracy Socrates was a political rather than religious victim. he was executed due to his association with characters who attempted to overthrow the democratic system

Answer 44

D'Angour socrates x3

Question 45

heroes get everlasting glory as compensation for not getting eternal life

Answer 45

Nagy - hero cults

Question 46

Pre-socratics in Ionia had a limited influence in Athens

Answer 46

D'Angour presocratics

Question 47

- heroes served as role models for young men in a dangerous/war society - hero cults could bring a community together - bringing back bones was an important political act as it provided a focus for the grief of a whole community - often the point of a hero cult is so that the dead 'hero' can be placated, so that their miasma wont transfer (eg Oedipus). united the community in hatred

Answer 47

Seaford - hero cults x4

Question 48

Hero cults became the expression of group solidarity and local group identity

Answer 48

Burket - hero cults

Question 49

sacrifices stabilise the relationship between mortals and gods

Answer 49

Naiden - sacrifice

Question 50

the deme was a closed community, the deities of that deme were part of that community, and worship of those deities was a marker of membership in that community

Answer 50

Mikalson - demes, religion and society

Question 51

- possession by a god was perfectly acceptable, understood process and through you their voice would speak - Oracles didn't necessarily provide certainty as individuals would often visit more than one, however this did not mean they were competitive

Answer 51

Eidinow - oracles x2

Question 52

the shared act of blood sacrifice brings people together as a community

Answer 52

burket - sacrifice

Question 53

Xenophanes rejects mysterious explanations for natural phenomena (eg Zeus lightning) and replaces with arguments of natural science

Answer 53

S'Tor xenophanes