scholarship fr

Question 1

kirk - GODS

Answer 1

Gods make epic more exciting as their unheroic qualities provide a total change of atmosphere and behaviour

Question 2

Griffin - GODS

Answer 2

Gods are not portrayed as being amoral (in Homer’s epics), but instead offer divine justice

Question 3

Parker - GODS

Answer 3

“Gods overflowed like clothes from an overfilled drawer which no one felt obliged to tidy”

Question 4

Aston - ANTHROPOMORPHISM

Answer 4

the greeks created gods which resembled themselves in every way and they wanted to encounter and interact with their deities

Question 5

Aston - EPITHETS

Answer 5

the greeks didnt see any inconsistency with differing versions of the same god and the two could happily exist

Question 6

Eidinow - EPITHETS

Answer 6

epithets depict different gods which are strongly associated with places they are born or thought to reside - their sanctuaries

Question 7

Aston - forefathers

Answer 7

People carried out traditional worship of the gods in imitation of their forefathers which was largely not questioned

Question 8

Aston - aniconic

Answer 8

people were open to other forms of the gods as shown by their worship of aniconic images eg unworked stone

Question 9

Hughes - pre-socratics

Answer 9

the scale and audacity of their thinking was breath-taking

Question 10

S’Tor xenophanes

Answer 10

Xenophanes rejects mysterious explanations for natural phenomena (eg Zeus lightning) and replaces with arguments of natural science

Question 11

D’Angour presocratics

Answer 11

Pre-socratics in Ionia had a limited influence in Athens

Question 12

Burket Xenophanes and presocratics (omni)

Answer 12

the power of the gods over the universe is preserves but in place of mythical personalities stands an omnipotent power, the divine

Question 13

Burket Xenophanes. who does it contrast

Answer 13

Xenophanes broke with tradition. his criticism of amoral Homeric Gods in homeric poetic form was never refuted but also did not reach a wide audience.

contrasts with Griffin, they are not amoral but offer divine justice

Question 14

Burket - success of the presocratics ?

Answer 14

The collapse of the authority of the poets and myth administered by the pre-socratics did not bring an end to religion which was too intimately interwoven with life but had a liberating effect for reflection on the divine

Question 15

Burket - socrates daimonion

Answer 15

Socrates spoke of the daimonion that guided him. this was open to misinterpretation as dealings with spirits and cost him his life

Question 16

RObson - socrates (Clouds

Answer 16

in the clouds, socrates (representing philosophers in general) is presented as unmanly and immoral as he teaches others to argue their way out of debt

Question 17

D’Angour socrates x3

Answer 17

Socrates is a new voice in the Athenian intellectual movements and is always thriving to seek wisdom but does not claim to be wise or know answers

Socrates was a scapegoat for people who wanted to get back at those who had temporarily ended democracy

Socrates was a political rather than religious victim. he was executed due to his association with characters who attempted to overthrow the democratic system

Question 18

Seaford - hero cults x4

Answer 18

• heroes served as role models for young men in a dangerous/war society
• hero cults could bring a community together
• bringing back bones was an important political act as it provided a focus for the grief of a whole community
• often the point of a hero cult is so that the dead ‘hero’ can be placated, so that their miasma wont transfer (eg Oedipus). united the community in hatred

Question 19

Burket - hero cults

Answer 19

Hero cults became the expression of group solidarity and local group identity

Question 20

Nagy - hero cults

Answer 20

heroes get everlasting glory as compensation for not getting eternal life

Question 21

Aston - hero cults

Answer 21

cult receiving heroes had whole carcass of animals burned in their honour

Question 22

Walton - eleusinian mysteries

Answer 22

the eleusinian mysteries were a great source of pride for athens

Question 23

Seaford - eleusinian mysteries x2

Answer 23

• eleusinian mysteries were the next best things to immortality
• the initiates would experience a terrifying death-like experience followed by euphoria in the initiation process

Question 24

Garland - eleusinian mysteries

Answer 24

the greeks joined mystery cults in hope of a better afterlife that was expected

Question 25

Burket -eleusinian mysteries x2

Answer 25

- the promise of losing the terror of death and receiving a blessed life in another world is very much at the forefront of the mysteries - the initiation was an act of individual choice. most but not all athenians were initiated

Question 26

McGuire - healing cults

Answer 26

the act of making a vow/offering would reassure the individual that their relationship with the god was strong without necessarily taking away the pain of an illness

Question 27

Graham - healing cults

Answer 27

there are different ideas to the function of anatomical votive offerings - to draw attention to the injury / to give thanksgiving

Question 28

Burket - healing cults x2

Answer 28

- the most oppressive crisis for the individual is illness - placebo effect should not be underestimated

Question 29

burket - sacrifice

Answer 29

the shared act of blood sacrifice brings people together as a community

Question 30

deteinne and vernant - sacrifice

Answer 30

the main point of sacrifice was for a nutritional meal

Question 31

Naiden - sacrifice

Answer 31

sacrifices stabilise the relationship between mortals and gods

Question 32

Aston - sacrifice

Answer 32

the act of killing the animal is the moment of giving

Question 33

Bell - rituals

Answer 33

rituals are repetitive moments which define people's social status

Question 34

Burket - libations

Answer 34

libations are essential to any invocation, prayer or sacrifice to the gods

Question 35

Skinner - libations

Answer 35

libation bowels could be designed to make sacrifices cheaper by appearing to contain more liquid than they do

Question 36

Sourvinou-Irwood - religion and society

Answer 36

the religious system of the polis shaped all cult activity within its boundaries and beyond, shaping individual religious practices.

Question 37

eidinow - religion and society binding spells

Answer 37

religious rituals accompanied every stage of life and were shaped by polis religion. however, traditional practices such as binding spells were individual and not sanctioned by the polis a they could divide a community.

Question 38

Mikalson - demes, religion and society

Answer 38

the deme was a closed community, the deities of that deme were part of that community, and worship of those deities was a marker of membership in that community

Question 39

zaidman - religion and society

Answer 39

religion impregnated each and every civic activity. festivals were a part of life "there is an inseparability of festivals from the definition of greek civic life"

Question 40

Kindt - religion and society

Answer 40

personal religion combines aspects of public and private as individuals could alter beliefs and practices of the polis but also appreciate public sacrifices and festivals on a personal levels

Question 41

price - religion and society demes

Answer 41

the attic demes were integrated into the religious life of the athenian state while preserving their own individuality - they would have festivals for local heroes but not during the panathenaia

Question 42

Naiden - religion adn society and argues against who

Answer 42

argues against Sourvinou-irwood the polis did not control household religion but that it regulated itself through following tradition

Question 43

Eidinow religion and society

Answer 43

politics, social life, and religion are entwined. religious practices are embedded in society and politics define your position within the community (eg by neglecting graves, you are shunned politically and socially)

Question 44

Chaniotis - religion and society

Answer 44

religious authority lay in the hands of the state and the state alone. it is nearly impossible to separate religious personnel from political personnel

Question 45

Dillon - religion and society WOMEN

Answer 45

while women did serve very important goddesses, men's priesthoods w=on the whole were more prestigious as demonstrated by the fact that they were much more expensive

Question 46

Burket - religion and society

Answer 46

"it was found unthinkable to try to overcome any major crisis wihtout religion"

Question 47

marinatos - sanctuaries

Answer 47

sanctuaries were multidimensional and served the needs of their communities as a whole

Question 48

Eidinow - oracles at delphi

Answer 48

whilst the oracle was the focus of delphi, the delphians also promoted it as a place to visit and admire the impressive buildings

Question 49

Eidinow - oracles x2

Answer 49

- possession by a god was perfectly acceptable, understood process and through you their voice would speak - Oracles didn't necessarily provide certainty as individuals would often visit more than one, however this did not mean they were competitive

Question 50

Eidinow - seers

Answer 50

- seers had an important role in society, as shown by their decision around battles, but they weren't seen as reliable as talking directly to the gods by visiting an oracle

Question 51

Flowers - oracles and who does he disagree with

Answer 51

The pythia composed oracles and directly reported them to clients disagrees with Bowden

Question 52

Bowden - oracles and who does he disagree with

Answer 52

the priests at the temple composed the statements, and not the pythia disagrees with flowers

Question 53

Swaddling - olympics

Answer 53

the ancient greek contests were a big news event, drawing tens of thousands of spectators and turning **top athletes into living legends**