Science Flashcards

Question

Sources of light

Answer 1

Sun, light bulbs, excited atoms

Answer 2

Neon in neon lights i and flouresant lights

Answer 3

Vision /photosynthesis, etc L learn more

Answer 4

Wave lengths, amplitude, and frequency l there is more) -Light -sound -Reflection Refraction (bending light through a prism) And their applications and technologies

Answer 5

Makes it possible for some elements and compounds to transition from a solid to a gas phase without becoming a liquid .A common example is a block of dry ice (CO 2) which will turn into a gas at room temperature. Some gases can transition directly to a solid such as the formation of frost. This is called deposition.

Answer 6

Ability to retain their shape/ incompressible/ melts when heated and vaporize only slightly/ all substances become solid if cooled sufficiently Ext rocks, crystals, wood, feather, ice

Answer 7

Liquids take on the shape of their containers ,yet cannot be compressed to any significant extent the volume of a liquid is constant unless evaporation is occurring liquids crystallize windshield sufficiently while heat causes liquids to vaporize the liquid state is intermediate between the solid and gaseous states with regard to molecules motion and attractive forces between molecules. Examples are water, oil ,milk ,and honey

Answer 8

Gases expand to fill any available space gases is a compressible fluid while its volume determined by the pressure and temperature of the environment the volume varies inversely with the pressure a relationship known as Boyles law if the pressure increases the volume decreases the reverse is true as well Examples are helium air and Steam

Answer 9

Mass is the amount of matter in a chemical substance, in every day usage mass is commonly confused with weights. but in physics and engineering weight means the strength of the gravitational pool on the object, that is , how heavy it is measured in newtons (the force needed to accelerate on KG of mass ). in every day situations the weight of an object is proportional to its mass which usually makes it acceptable to use the same word for both concepts

Answer 10

For a Homo Jenuis object is determined by dividing the mass by the volume the mass is normally measured with a appropriate scale or balance the volume may be measured directly from the geometry of the objects or by the displacement of a fluid for example if steel and would have equal dimensions the steel would have a greater mass as it is more dense D= M/ V Or Density = mass/ volume

Answer 11

Refers to various properties of matter in the solid phase that give it a higher resistance to its shape changing when force is applied hard matter is contrasted with soft matter however the behavior of solid materials under force is complex resulting in several different scientific definitions of what might be called hardness in every day usage.

Answer 12

Scratch hardness Indentation hardness Rebound hardness.

Answer 13

Resistance to fracture or plastic (permanent) deformation due to friction from a sharp objects

Answer 14

Resistance to plastic (permanent) deformation due to a consistent load from a sharp object

Answer 15

Height of the balance of an object dropped on the material related to elasticity

Answer 16

Rates minerals and put them on a scale from one to 10 what is the softest antennas the hardest determined by the ability of a harder mineral to scratch a softer mineral for example talc is at one and a diamond is at 10

Answer 17

Are the characteristics that make up the physical composition of a substance physical properties include color form electrical conductivity and density

Answer 18

Do not involve one substance changing into another water for example can change from a gas water vapor to liquid water to a solid ice but the water molecules do not change the particular state of water is determined by pressure and temperature.

Answer 19

Occur when a substance is changed into something else a chemical change occurs whenever compounds are formed or decomposed during this reaction there is a rearrangement of atoms that makes or breaks chemical bonds this change is usually not reversible unlike physical changes which typically are reversible an example of a chemical change is the formation of rust iron chemically reacts with air and water to form rust (ferrous oxide) And is unable to change back to iron ensure a chemical change is a change of one substance into a different substance.

Answer 20

Show the number of molecules or formula units of the reactants and products for example nitrous oxide is a colorless odorless gas that causes mild hysteria when inhaled hence the name laughing gas it is prepared by Heating ammonium nitrate crystals.

Answer 21

Are made up of a several tiny parts at the center of an atom is a core called the nucleus the nucleus is made up of particles called protons and neutrons protons have a positive electrical charge and neutrons have a no charge electrons move around the nucleus an electron clouds electrons have a negative charge and they are attracted to the positively charged protons in the nuclear us this attraction keeps the electrons in orbit around the nucleus Pg 298

Answer 22

Chemical elements are composed of only one atom and cannot be separated into different substances except in some instances by radioactive decay or by nuclear reaction elements are assigned atomic numbers equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom element has a different number of protons the sum of the protons and neutrons gives an average atomic mass for the element P.299

Answer 23

Are formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in a fixed ratio water for example is made up of molecules with the composition H2O and the structure shown in the figure that follows the straight lines denote bonds one water molecule is built from two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen ordinarily table salt is a compound composed of one atom of sodium in one atom of chlorine (NaCI, sodium chloride).

Answer 24

The periodic table of elements arranges all of the known elements from left to right and top to bottom in order of increasing atomic number and they generally coincide with their increasing atomic mass roles are reign so that elements with similar properties fall into the same vertical columns to form groups or families For example fluorine and chlorine are highly reactive gases that form strong acids and solutions helium neon and argon are in earths noble gases that do not form chemical compounds as of 2006 the table contains 117 chemicals elements whose discoveries have been confirmed 94 are found naturally on the earth and the rest are synthetic elements that have been produced artificially in particle accelerators

Answer 25

PH is measured of the acidity or Basicity of a solution the pH scale is not an absolute scale it is related to a set of standard solutions who is PH is established by international agreement Pure water is said to be neutral the pH for pure water at 25°C is close to 7.0 when foreign substances are dissolved in water it creates a solution solution with a pH of less than 7.0 are said to be acidic and solutions with a pH greater than 7.0 are said to be basic or alkaline pH measurements are important for medicine biology chemistry food science environmental science oceanography and many other applications PH scale on page 300

Answer 26

A mixture is a substance made by combining two or more different materials without a chemical reaction occurring the objects do not bond together they are the product of a mechanical blending or mixing of chemical substances each ingredient substance retains its own chemical properties and make up for example a mixture of salt and pepper would still be identifiable as salt and pepper while there are no physical changes in a mixture the chemical properties of a mixture such as its melting point may differ from those of its components mixtures can usually be separated into their original components by mechanical means and are either homogeneous or hetero genius

Answer 27

The scientific method requires observation conjuncture calculation prediction in testing success of scientific Revelations I have told us that today’s laws are not certain only more accurate than yesterday’s loss

Answer 28

Measurement is the beginning of scientific wisdom The psychiatrist first reaction to a new idea is to ask can it be measured can I describe it with numbers numerical data can be manipulated with many powerful mathematical tools from arithmetic and geometry to statistics in differential equations physical quantities range from subatomic smallest to astronomic hugeness and so the numbers are conveniently expressed in scientific notation in which any number is written in the form See page 301 chapter 4 subtest science

Answer 29

A unit 1000 times the basic unit has the prefix kilo and so a kilometer equals 1000 m the prefix Milli as in millimeter denotes a unit 1/1000 Of the basic unit a little See page 301 principles of motion energy Basic units of the metric system or length volume mass

Answer 30

Motion means that there is a constant change in the location of a body and is described by stating an objects position velocity and acceleration

Answer 31

Velocity is the rate of change of position with time for example and Automobile that is 100 miles farther along a highway at 3 PM then at 1 PM has an average velocity during the interval of:

Answer 32

The first law is referred to as the law of inertia in the absence of the application of an outside force such as gravity or friction a body at rest will remain at rest while a body moving in a straight line will continue to move in a straight line with uniform speed simplified without outside force is a stationary object will never move and without outside forces an object in motion will never stop or deviate from his course

Answer 33

The second law relies on the first law and proposes that the acceleration of an object is proportional to the force supply simplify the more force the more acceleration

Answer 34

The third law asserts that for every action applied force there is an equal and opposite reaction

Answer 35

Is a natural phenomenon by which objects with mass attract one another gravitation compels dispersed matter to call Luis and this is accounts for the very existence of the earth the sun and most of the microscopic objects in the universe. it is responsible for keeping the earth and the other planets in their orbit around the sun for keeping the moon and its orbit around the earth for the formation of tides for convection by which hot fluids rise for heating the interiors of forming stars and planets to very high temperatures and for various other phenomenon that we observe. The terms gravitation and gravity are mostly interchangeable in every day use gravity refers specifically to the gravitational force exerted by the earth on objects and it’s vicinity

Answer 36

Magnetism is displayed by permanent magnets and around electric currents all of us have had the opportunity to study the interesting properties of permanent magnets small iron bars or Ironhorse shoes or the aligned internal structures Indus by other magnets the north pole of one magnet attracts the south pole of another but like poles repel each other either pole can attract unmagnetized iron objects iron feeling spread on a piece of paper above a bar magnet become arranged in a pattern that maps a magnetic field in the space around the magnet See the following figure on page 302 and 303 the earths magnetic field orient the iron needles of navigational compasses an electric current also generates a magnetic field, demonstrating an intimate connection between electricity and magnetism. Recent work has united these phenomena, as well as light, into electromagnetic radiation.

Answer 37

Is a mechanical device that changes the direction or magnitude of a force.in general simple machines can be defined as the simplest mechanism that use mechanical advantage also called leverage to multiply force. A mechanical advantage results in less force applied over a greater distance it helps to make work easier a simple machine uses a single applied force to do work against a single load force. ignoring friction losses, The work done on the load is equal to the work done by the applied force. Simple machines can be used to increase the amount of the output force, at the cost of a proportional decrease in the distance moved by the load. The ratio of the output to the input force is called the mechanical advantage. Lever, pulley also called block, inclined plane, screw, see page 304

Answer 38

Forms of energy include solar, chemical, electrical, magnetic, nuclear, sound, light, and electromagnetic. Energy is the ability to perform work, to move objects. That ability can take several forms: Kinetic energy Potential energy Consider a baseball thrown vertically upward. Its speed decreases upward because the acceleration of gravity is acting downward. The rising ball loses kinetic energy ( slows down) As it gains potential energy( rise high). at the peak of the balls flights the ball is instantaneously at rest with no kinetic energy but maximum stored potential energy. As the ball falls the potential energy is transformed into kinetic energy and the ball accelerates. Thermal energy also exist, for it has been shown that heat can be converted to motion, and motion can produce heat. electricity and magnetism are steal other forms of energy, or they can be converted into heat and motion. Noticed that this key concept of energy is the abstract idea that there is something identical in motion, heat, and electricity, which appears so different to our senses. It is impossible to define the various forms of energy so that their mathematical sum is constant. The law of conservation of energy states that energy can be Neither created nor destroyed.

Answer 39

The energy possessed by a moving object is called kinetic energy

Answer 40

An object in a unstable position has potential energy,for the position could be converted into movement.

Answer 41

Is a form of energy that can be used to produce sound, light, heat, and power. Electricity exist where the number of negative electrons does not precisely equal the number of positive protons. Electrons are held in the atom by an electrical force and have an electrical charge. When the electrons are not held tightly in their atom, the electrons can move freely and can carry electricity from one place to another. When the electrons flow in one direction, the flowing electricity is referred to as currents. An electric current is simply a flow of electrons through a wire. Electricity can flow easily through materials that conduct electricity. Materials that have high conductivity include metals such as aluminum ( Al), iron )FE) , nickel (Ni), silver(Ag) and gold (Au). And materials that act as insulators (poor conductors of electricity), The electrons are held tightly inside their Adams and the electrons cannot move freely. Some examples of good insulators include plastic rubber, glass, air, and would.

Answer 42

Is simply the path or circuit and electric current flows electricity requires a complete pass for the electrons to flow. If the path is broken and there are no alternative paths for the electrons to follow, the electrons will not move. Electric circuits make it possible for electric energy to operate a vast range of technology.

Answer 43

Results when electrical charges build up or increase on the surface of a material. In static electricity, there is no current flowing as would be found in electrical outlets. When certain materials are rubbed together, electrons can move from one object to the other. A material can become negatively or positively charged if electrons in the material are gained or lost – an example would be the spark a person might get by walking across a wall rug and then touching a metal door knob. Static electricity can also result by rubbing a balloon against your hair or against a wool sweater. Rubbing the objects together can result in the balloon becoming negatively charged and your hair becoming positively charged. Since opposite charges attract, the balloon will clean to your hair. Lightning is another example of Static electricity.

Answer 44

Light seems to travel and perfectly straight lines as rays the direction of a ray changes at the interface between two transparent materials, like air and water. Some of the light is reflected, the angle of reflection being equal to the angle of incidence. The portion of the light that crosses the boundary is, however, deflected in another direction, and the angle of refraction does not equal the angle of incidence.

Answer 45

White light

Answer 46

Long wave radio, short wave radio( including television), microwaves, infrared, visible light, red light

Answer 47

The rainbow red Orange yellow Green blue purple

Answer 48

Gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet, violet

Answer 49

Nuclear energy has been obtained by two different means, fission and fusion. Nuclear fission releases energy when a heavy nuclear split into smaller fragments.

Answer 50

Nuclear fission releases energy when a heavy nuclear split into smaller fragments

Answer 51

Is the opposite process Of nuclear fusion heals energy when very light nuclei unite to a heavier nucleus.

Answer 52

Degrees Celsius can refer to a specific temperature on the Celsius scale, as well as serve as a unit increment to indicate a temperature interval which is the difference between two temperatures or and uncertainty. 0° on the Celsius scale is defined as the freezing point of water and 100°C is defined as the boiling point of water under a pressure of one standard atmosphere

Answer 53

Fahrenheit is a temperature scale that is named after the German Physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit. On this girl, the freezing point of water is 32°F and the boiling point is 212 Fahrenheit. Placing the boiling and freezing points of water exactly 180° apart. A degree on the Fahrenheit scale is 1÷180th of the interval between the freezing point and the boiling point. On the Celsius scale the freezing and boiling points of water are 100° apart hence the unit of this skill a temperature interval of 1°F is an interval of 5 – ninths of A degree Celsius. The Fahrenheit and Celsius skills coincide at -40°

Answer 54

He tends to move from a high temperature region to a low temperature region. This heat transfer me a curve by the mechanisms of conduction, radiation, convection

Answer 55

Or also known as thermal conduction is the spontaneous transfer of thermal energy through matter, from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature. Heat energy is transferred from one material to another by direct contact. Metals are good conductors of heat. For example, if a cup of coffee is stirred with a metal spoon, the spoon will quickly get hot through conduction. The molecules in the hot coffee make the Atoms in the spoon vibrate quickly

Answer 56

Is electromagnetic radiation emitted from the surface of an object, which is due to the objects temperature. Infrared radiation from a common household radiator or electric heater is an example of thermal radiation, as in the light emitted by a glowing incandescent light bulb. Thermal radiation is generated when heat from the movement of charged particles within atoms is converted to electromagnetic radiation. When infrared radiation is absorbed by an object, it is changed to heat.

Answer 57

Hot air is less dense than cold air and therefore, hot air rises and convection occurs. When the heat moves in a circular pattern, convection currents are formed. He can’t be transferred by the circulation of fluids due to buoyancy from changes and density. Familiar examples are the upward flow of air due to a fire or hot object and the circulation of water in a pot that is heated from below. For a visual experience of natural convection, a glass of hot water with red food dye may be placed in a fish tank with cold, Clearwater. The convection currents of the red Liquid will be seem to rise and fall and then eventually settle, illustrating the process as he gradients are dissipated.

Answer 58

The incandescent lightbulb is a source of electric light that works by incandescent sense. An electric current passes through a thin filament, heating it until it produces light. The enclosing glass bowl prevents the oxygen in the air from reaching the hot filament, which otherwise would be destroyed rapidly by oxidation. Incandescent bulbs are also sometimes called electric lamps, a term also apply to the original arc lamps.

Answer 59

A fluorescent lamp or fluorescent tube is a glass- Discharge lap that uses electricity to excite mercury vapor. Excited mercury atoms produce short wave ultraviolet light that can cause a false refer to florescence, producing visible light. Unlike incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps always require a ballast to regulate the flow of power through the lamp. However, a fluorescent lamp converts electrical power into useful light more efficiently than an incandescent lamp; lowers energy cost offset the higher initial cost of the lamp. Compared with incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps use less power for the same amount of light, generally last longer, but our bulkier, more complex, and more expensive than a comparable incandescent lamp.

Answer 60

Refraction of light explains why objects appear events as light passes through one transparent object into another. light travels faster through air than through water or glass. For example, and object such as a straw and a glass of water appears bent at the surface of the water due to the refraction of light. Light travels at different speeds two different objects. Refraction is also responsible for rainbows and for the spreading of white light into a rainbow spectrum as it passes through a glass prism. Glass has a higher refraction index than air, and the different frequencies of light have different wavelength (dispersion), Causing them to be refracted at different angles, so that you can see them. The different frequencies corresponds a different colors been observed.

Answer 61

N optics, refractions occur when light waves travel through a medium with a given refraction index to a medium with another index example, a ray of light will refract as it enters and leaves glass, assuming there is a change in the refraction index. Understanding this concept led to the invention of lenses and the refracting telescope.

Answer 62

Occurs when light travels only in straight lines. An object is visible because light is reflected from the object into out eyes. Reflection is the change in direction of a wave front at an interface between two different media so that the wave front returns to the medium from t which it originated. What do common examples include the reflection of light, sound, and water waves. The law of reflection says that for smooth surfaces, the angle at which light is incident on the surface equals the angle at which it is reflected. Amir is an excellent tool for reflecting light

Answer 63

Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources such as light, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat which are renewable this is naturally replenished. In 2006 about 18% of global energy consumption came from renewable sources, with 13% coming from traditional biomass materials, such as woodburning. Hydro electricity was the next largest renewable source, providing 3%, followed by solar hot water – heating, which contributed 1.3%. Modern technologies, such as geothermal energy , Wind power, solar power, and ocean energy, together provides some 0.8% of final energy consumption.

Answer 64

Nonrenewable energy is energy taken from finite resources that will eventually dwindle, becoming too expensive or too environmentally damaging to retrieve. Fossil fuels include coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Fossil fuels are limited and non-renewable and contribute to global warming. When fossil fuels are burned, they release trapped energy in the form of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide and methane are major greenhouse gases. The burning of coal also contributes to the formation of acid rain

Answer 65

Biology is the science of life. Life has astonishing variety, embracing bacteria and baboons, wells and walnuts, algae and alligators – yet all those lifeforms share some similar material and processes. The complexity of life compels biologist to specialize in certain levels of life; organic molecules, cells, organs, individuals, species, and communities. Here are some important characteristics of most lifeforms: a living organism has a very complicated organization in which a series of process takes place. Life responds to it environment, often with movement. An organism must maintain itself and grow. Finally, a plant or animal will produce new organisms must like its self; reproduction is the most universal process of life, explaining its survival and variety it was awesome.

Answer 66

Plants may be divided into five broad groups: Fungi Algae Ferns Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Answer 67

The fungi include molds, yeast, and mushrooms, Fungi lacks chlorophyll and thus are incapable of manufacturing food, so they are either parasites, preying on other living organisms or saprophytes, existing on waster products and decaying organisms . Lichens are actually two organisms, a fungus and an alga, living together symbiotically. No chlorophyll no leaves no seeds no flowers

Answer 68

Range from a single cell to huge seaweed mostly they inhabit lakes and oceans has chlorophyll no leaves no seeds no flowers

Answer 69

The ferns lack seeds and reproduce by means of spores, each of which may develop into a new plant without fertilization. Unlike the ferns the seed plants require fertilization, and male pollen grains are carried to the female ovule by vectors like the wind and insects. Ferns have chlorophyll leaves no seeds no flowers

Answer 70

The gymnosperms are cone bearing plants including pints with seeds exposed on con skills they have chlorophyll leaves seeds and no flowers

Answer 71

Are flowering plants that bear their seeds within fruits they have chlorophyll has leaves have seeds has flowers example would be mangoes avocados etc.

Answer 72

Literally means small egg and seed plants the ovule is the structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cell. After fertilization the ovule develops into seed. In flowering plants it is located within the actual flower, the part of the carpal known as the ovary, which ultimately becomes the fruit. Depending on the plant, flowers may have one or multiple ovule per ovary. The OVULE is attached to the placental wall of the ovary through a structure known as the FUNICULUS, the plant equivalent of an umbilical cord.

Answer 73

Photosynthesis is a metabolic pathway that converts light energy into chemical energy. Plants use the energy and sunlight to convert carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, plants water, into simple sugars. These sugars are then used as building blocks and form the main structural component of the plant. Chlorophyll, a green colored, magnetism – containing pigment, is essential to this process. It is generally presented in plant leaves in often and other plant parts as well

Answer 74

The cell is the smallest amount of living matter, a bit of organic material that is in the unit of structure and function for all organisms. Cells range in size from the smallest speck visible through an electric meg microscope to the yolk of the largest egg? Do more research

Answer 75

The cell membrane is semi permeable, allowing some substance to pass while excluding others. The main material within the cell, the CYTOPLASM, Varies and consistency from a liquid to a solid.

Answer 76

The nucleus is a membrane enclosed structure found in all you eukaryotic( you-care-Re-o-tic) cells( plants, animal, fungi and algae) The nucleus contains most of a cells genetic information and controls the cell growth and reproduction. It is organized as multiple long and linear DNA molecules with a large variety of proteins such as histones to form chromosomes. The genes within these chromosomes are the cells nuclear Genome. The function of the nucleolus is to maintain the integrity of these genes and to control the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression

Answer 77

Chloroplast are organelles found in plant cells and your eukaryotic algae that conduct photosynthesis. Chloroplast absorb light and use it in conjunction with water and carbon dioxide to produce sugars, the raw material for energy and biomass production and all green plants and the animal that depend on them, directly or indirectly, or food court chloroplast capture light, and our members of a class of organelles known as plastids.

Answer 78

The mitochondrion plural mitochondria is a membrane enclosed organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria are sometimes described as cellular Power plants because they generate most of the cells supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), Used as a source of chemical energy. In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in a range of other processes, such as signaling, cellular differentiation, and cell death, as well as the control of the cell cycle and cell growth.

Answer 79

Animals cannot perform photosynthesis and therefore derive their food from other organisms. Herbivores eat plants directly and carnivores prey on other animals but this food chain to ends in plants. Plants and animals are classified into PHY LA on the basis of their cells, tissues, organs, and overall organization

Answer 80

Digestion is the breaking down of chemicals in the body into a form that can be absorbed. It is also the process by which the body breaks down chemicals into smaller components that can be absorbed by the bloodstream. Carbohydrates are converted into various sugars by the action of several enzymes, including PTYALIN from saliva. Fats are transformed into GLYCEROL and fatty acids by the combined action of bile from the liver and the enzymes lipase from the pancreas. Proteins are broken apart to the constitution and amino acids. The final products of digestion sugars, glycerol, Fatty acids and amino acids are absorbed into the bloodstream through the millions of projections( villi) Lining the small intestines. once in the blood these molecules are metabolized in the various body tissues. In mammals, preparation for digestion begins when saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach. Mechanical and chemical digestion begins in the mouth where food is chewed and mix with saliva to break down starches. The stomach continues to break down food mechanically and chemically by churning and mixing the food with enzymes. After being processed in the stomach, food is passed through the small intestines. The majority of digestion and absorption occurs in the small intestine. Absorption occurs in the stomach and gastrointestinal tract, and the process finishes with defecation.

Answer 81

The circulatory system an organ system that moves nutrients gas is in waters to and from cells, helps fight diseases, and stabilize his body temperature and pH to maintain Homeostasis. This system may be seen strictly as a blood distribution network but some consider the circulatory system to be composed of the cardiovascular system which distributes blood and the lymphatic system which distributes Lymph. Humans, as well as other vertebrates, have a close cardiovascular system, meaning that the blood never leaves the network of arteries, veins, and capillaries. The main component of the human circulatory system are the heart, blood, and blood vessels the circulatory system includes pulmonary circulation, A loop through the lungs were blood is option aided and the systematic circulation, a loop through the rest of the body to provide oxygenated blood. An average adult contains 5 to 6 quarts that’s roughly 4.7 to 5.7 L of blood, which is composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Also, the digestive system works with the circulatory system to provide the nutrients the system needs to keep the heart pumping. Red cells transport oxygen in combination with the iron pigment, hemoglobin. The function of white blood cells is to fight infection, while platelets initiate the clotting necessary to stop bleeding after a wound. Nutrients, waste, hormones, antibodies and enzymes are dissolved in the plasma. Two types of fluid move through the circulatory system: blood and lymph. The blood, heart, and blood vessels formed the cardiovascular system. The lamb, lymph nodes, and lymph vessels form the lymphatic system. The cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system collectively make up the circulatory system. The heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs. In the human heart, there is one atrium and one ventricle for each circulation, and with blood a systemic and a pulmonary circulation, there are four chambers in total: left atrium, left ventricle, right Arturia and right ventricle. The right are trim, which is the upper chamber of the right side of the heart, receives blood from the upper body through the superior Venna cava, and from the lower body through the inferior vena cava

Answer 82

In living organisms, the function of the respiratory system is to allow for gas exchange. The system between the alveoli and the capillaries, the anatomy or structure of the exchange system, and the precise physiological uses of the exchange gases vary, depending on the organisms. And humans and other mammals, for example, the Anatomical features of the respiratory system include airways, lungs, and the respiratory muscles. Molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide and possibly exchanged, by diffusion, between the gaseous external environment and the blood. This exchange process occurs in the alveolar region of the lungs. Other animals, such as insects, have respiratory systems with very simple anatomical features And an amphibians, even the skin plays a vital role in gas exchange. Plants also have respiratory systems, but the directionality of gas exchange can be opposite to that an animals. The respiratory system in plants also include anatomical features such as holes on the underside of leaves known as stomata.

Answer 83

The sensory system includes those specialized structures that initiate a nerve impulse after being affected by the environment. The eyes are the organs of vision. Light rays are reflected as they pass through the cornea, lands and wide Trias body to focus on the retina, where an image is formed. The optic nerve then carries impulses from the light - sensitive cells into the retina to the brain.

Answer 84

The nervous system is composed of the brain, spinal cord, and Peripheral nerves that extend throughout the body. The Functional unit of the nervous system is the neuron, a nerve cell with short dendrites that carry electrical impulses to the cell body, and a long axon, the outgoing fiber along which the impulse is transmit it further. Sensory neurons conduct signals from the sense organs to the central nervous system, the spinal cord, and brain. Motor neurons transmit signals from the central nervous system to muscles. See page 314

Answer 85

The hind part cerebellum and medulla oblongata operates unconsciously and automatically to regulate vital functions like circulation, respiration, excretion, and muscle tension. The Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain; it receives information from the senses and makes conscious decisions Pure mind Buddha Tea

Answer 86

Are complex chemical systems, organizing ways that promote reproduction and some measures of sustainability or survival. It is generally the phenomenon of entire organism that determine their fitness To an environment and therefore the survivability of their DNA base genes. Organisms clearly oh their origin, metabolism and many other internal functions to chemical phenomena, especially the chemistry of large organic molecules. Organisms are complex systems of chemical compounds which, the interaction with each other and the environment, play a wide variety of roles. Organisms are semi-close chemical systems. Although they are individual units of life, they are not close to the environment around them. To operate, they consistently take in and release energy. Auto troughs produce unusable energy in the form of organic compounds, using light from the sun or an inorganic compound, wow heterotrophs taken organic compounds from the environment. The primary chemical element in these compounds are carbon. The physical properties of this element are such that it has a great affinity for bonding with other small items, including other carbon atoms. It’s small size makes it capable of forming multiple bond and makes an ideal as the basis of organic life. It is able to form small compounds containing three atoms. ( such as carbon dioxide) , as well as large chains of many thousands of atoms that are able to store data( nuclei acids), hold cells together, and transmit information( protein).

Answer 87

Is usually considered as a branch of biology the general science that studies living organisms. Hey central principle of ecology is that each living organism has an ongoing and continue a relationship with every other element that makes up its environment. The sum total of interacting living organisms and their nonliving environment (the biotope) In a area is termed as ecosystem. Studies of ecosystems usually focus on the movement of energy and matter through the system. Almost all ecosystems run on energy captured from the Sun by primary producers through photosynthesis this energy that flows through the food chains to primary consumers (herbivores who eat the digest the plants) And onto secondary and territory consumers what you’re either carnivores or omnivores. Energy is lost as waste heat to living organisms when they use it to do work. Matter is incorporated into living organisms by the primary producers. Photosynthetic plants fix carbon from carbon dioxide and nitrogen from atmospheric nitrogen or nitrates present in the soil, to produce amino acids. Search of the carbon and nitrogen containing an ecosystem is created by such plant and is Dan consumed by an incorporated into secondary and tertiary consumers. Nutrients are usually returned to the ecosystem through decomposition. The entire movement of chemicals in a ecosystem is termed a bio geochemical cycle and includes the carbon and nitrogen cycle. Ecosystems of any size can be studied in fact the entire terrestrial surface of the earth, all the matter that composes it, the air that is directly above it, and all the living organisms within it can be considered as one large ecosystem. Ecosystems can be roughly divided into terrestrial ecosystems such as forest ecosystems step base savannas and so on, Freshwater ecosystem such as lakes ponds and rivers, and marine ecosystems, depending on the dominant biotope. A population includes all the members of a given species that live in a defined geographic area. Pg 315

Answer 88

Adaptation is a characteristic of an organism that has been favored by natural selection and increases the fitness of its possessor. This concept is central to biology, particularly in evolutionary biology. Adaptation is the change in living organisms that allow them to live successful in an environment adaptation enables living organisms to cope with environmental stress and pressures. Adaptation can’t be structural, behavior or physiological Pg. 316 has more

Answer 89

Also called food networks and or traffic social networks describe the eating relationship between species within the ecosystem number one is producers these are organisms in an ecosystem that produce biomass from inorganic compounds( autotrophs) . Produces are the green plants in the ecosystem that can manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis 2. Primary consumers herbivores these are plant eaters primary consumers can arrange in size from insects elephants 3. Secondary consumers these are carnivores they feed on the primary consumers and are meat eaters 4. Tertiary consumers ,are organisms that feed on smaller primary and secondary consumers 5. Decomposers are organisms that consume dead organisms and in doing so, carry out the natural process of Decomposition. Like herbivores and predators, Decomposers are heterotrophic. This means that they use organic sub tried to get their energy, carbon, a new transfer growth and development. Decomposers are decrease organisms and nonliving organic compounds as their food source. The primary decomposers are bacteria and fungi.

Answer 90

Food pyramid illustrate energy flow in the ecosystem. The base of the pyramid which are the producers supports all of the other levels of the pyramid. At each succeeding level of the food pyramid, there is a decrease in available energy. So you can’t get energy from eating meat.

Answer 91

Metamorphosis is a distinct change in physical parents an organism can go through between birth in adults Example Frog: The lifecycle of a frog starts with an egg. A female frog generally lays thousands of eggs in water. The egg hatched and the life continues as tadpoles they lack lungs, eyelids, and front and hind legs. Tadpoles are typically herbivores, feeding mostly on algae. The end of the tadpole stage, frogs undergo metamorphosis and they transition into adult form this stage includes the tadpoles developing hind legs then front legs and lose their gills and develop lungs and the final stage is the frog let evolves into an adult frog

Answer 92

The butterfly starts from the egg or in Brian onyx stage the eggs are usually late on plants the next stage is larvae known as caterpillar or feeding stage from the eggs butterfly larvae or caterpillar consumes plant leaves and spends particularly all of the time and search for food the stage after that is the pupa chrysalis and then at the adult butterfly

Answer 93

Flowering plants reproduce by sexual and asexual means and are the dominant platform on land. Often their most distinguishing features is their reproductive organs, commonly called flowers. The antler produce is Male gametophytes, and the sperm is produced in pollen grains a which attaché the stigma on top of a carpel, in which the female gametophytes ( inside ovules) are located. After the pollen tube grows through the carpel’s style, the sex cell nuclei from the pollen grain migrate into the ovule to fertilize the egg cell. The resulting zygote develops into an embryo. The ovary, which produced a female game no tights, then grows into a fruit which surrounds the seats. Plants may either self pollinate or cross pollinate. Non-flowering plants like ferns, moss, and liverworts use other means of sexual reproduction Pg 319

Answer 94

Is a form of reproduction that does not involve meiosis or fertilization. Only one parent is involved in asexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction is the primary form of reproduction for single celled organisms such as the archaea, Bacteria and protists. Many Plant and fungi reproduce asexually as well.

Answer 95

Meiosis is a process of reduction of division in which the number of the chromosomes per cell is cut in half. And animals, meiosis always results in the formation of gametes, while another organism It can give rise to spores. Meiosis is essential for sexual reproduction and therefore occurs in all eukaryotes ( animals, plants, fungi, and protist are eukaryotes) that reproduce sexually . Meiosis does not occur in archaea or bacteria, which reproduce through asexual processes such as binary fission. Pg 320

Answer 96

The primary result of mitosis or cell division is the division of the parent cells genome into two daughter cells. The genome is composed of a number of chromosomes. That can train genetic information vital for proper cells function. Page 320, 321

Answer 97

Darwin theory Is the process by which favorable heritable traits become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing. Organisms, and unfavorable heritable traits become less common. Natural selection acts on the phenotype, or the observable characteristics of an organism, such that individuals with favorable phenotypes care more likely to survive. Number one is survival of the fittest Natural selection Evolution of species overtime Genetic variation through geographic isolation Pg 21

Answer 98

Planets are generally divided into two main types: large, low density gas giants, and smaller, rocky terrestrial.

Answer 99

There are eight planets in the solar system in order from the sun, they are the four terrestrials, Mercury, Venus, Earth, and mars, and then the four gas giants, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. Many of these planets are orbiting by one or more moons, which can be larger than small planets. As of December 2008, there are 333 known extrasolar planets, ranging from the size of gas giants to that of terrestrial planets. This brings the total number of identifies plants to at least 341.

Answer 100

The solar system also contains at least five dwarf planets: Ceres, Pluto formally considered to be the solar systems ninth planet, make make, HAUMEA, and Eris.

Answer 101

A comet is a small solar system body that orbits the sun and, when I’m close enough to the sun, exhibit a visible coma(, atmosphere) Or a tail – both primarily from the effects of the solar radiation upon the comets nucleus period comet NUCLEIR themselves loose collections of ice, dust , and small rocky particles, measuring A few kilometers or tens of kilometers across Call Ms. have a variety of different orbital periods ranging from a few years to hundreds of thousands of years, while summer believed to pass through the inner solar system only once before being thrown out into interstellar spaces. Short dash. Comments are thought to originate in the kupiter belts, or associated scatter diss, which lie beyond the orbit of Neptune

Answer 102

Sometimes called minor planets or Playing toys, our bodies – primarily of the inner solar system – that are smaller than plan is but larger than meteoroids, excluding comments. The distinction between astroids and comets is made by visible parents; when discovered, common show a presentable coma while astroids do not

Answer 103

Earth travels in a orbit that is slightly elliptical which is oval and so its distance from the sun ranges from 91.5 to 94,500,000 miles. It’s daily rotation to forms earth to a flattened spheroid, with the polar radius slightly less than the Equatorial radius.

Answer 104

Moon travels around the earth each month. Its distance from earth averages 237,000 miles. The phases of illumination through which the moon passes each month can be understood by contemplating its position relative to those of earth and the sun.

Answer 105

The new moon occurs when the moon set at sunset, then the moon is between earth and the sun, and so we see only the dark half of the moon. Pg. 324

Answer 106

Layers of earth

Answer 107

1. Ask questions 2. Develop and use models 3. Analyze and interpret data 4. Use math and computational thinking 5. Construct explanation(science) and design solutions ( engineering) 6. Engage in arguments using evidence 7. Obtain, evaluate and communicate core ideas as describes below. Patterns that teacher should be able to help students learn to observe and describe scientific patterns cause and effect that teacher should be able to help students understand and use evidence to differentiate between causes and correlations and be able to articulate claims by specific cause and affect. Scale, proportion and quantity. Teacher should be able to understand the observation of natural objects and phenomena is depending upon skill, proportion, and physical quantities. Systems and system models. Teacher should be able to help students understand the systems are composed of components that work together and models may be use to represent system and system interactions. Energy and matter. Teachers should be able to help students learn the energy is transferred in various ways, but can’t neither be created nor destroyed within a system, this transfer of energy drives the cycling and motion of matter. Structure and function. Teacher should be able to help students learn the functional and properties of objects and systems are determined by the way their components are shaped and used and can be inferred from their overall structure. Stability and change. Teacher should be able to help students understand that objects and systems may change slowly or rapidly.

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