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SCIENCE Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the main purpose of the conducting zone?

A

Transports air to the site of gas exchange

Known as ‘anatomical dead space’ because no gas exchange occurs here.

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2
Q

What are the key components of the nasal cavity?

A

Warms, humidifies, and filters air using mucus and hair

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3
Q

What is the function of the pharynx?

A

Passageway for food and air

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4
Q

What is the role of the larynx?

A

Voice box

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5
Q

What structure leads air into the lungs?

A

Trachea

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6
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3 lobes

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7
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2 lobes and a cardiac notch

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8
Q

What are bronchioles?

A

Smaller airway branches

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9
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Tiny air sacs where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occur

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10
Q

What is perfusion?

A

Blood flow to tissues, organs, and cells

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11
Q

What is ventilation?

A

Air movement in and out of lungs

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12
Q

What occurs during hyperventilation?

A

Increased oxygen, decreased carbon dioxide (alkalosis)

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13
Q

What occurs during hypoventilation?

A

Decreased oxygen, increased carbon dioxide (acidosis)

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14
Q

What is the function of the diaphragm during inspiration?

A

Contracts and moves downward

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15
Q

What happens during expiration?

A

Diaphragm relaxes and rises

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16
Q

What is the role of the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

Processes information and regulates motor responses

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17
Q

What are the two main components of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

Sensory and motor neurons

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18
Q

What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Increases heart rate and respiratory rate; slows digestion

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19
Q

What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Decreases heart rate; digestion occurs

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20
Q

What is the primary function of glial cells?

A

Maintain chemical balance for signal transmission between cells
maintain bloodbrain barrier
provide assist in immune
producr myelin sheath and cerebral spinal fluid

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21
Q

What is the function of afferent neurons?

A

Sensory neurons; input signals
to CNS

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22
Q

What is the function of efferent neurons?

A

Motor neurons; output signals
away from cns

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23
Q

What is the purpose of the gastrointestinal system?

A

Processes food and liquids into usable substances

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24
Q

What is the role of saliva in digestion?

A

Lubricates food and aids in digestion, forming a bolus

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25
What does the epiglottis do?
Prevents food from entering the trachea
26
What is peristalsis?
Involuntary contraction and relaxation to push food through the digestive tract
27
What is the function of the stomach in digestion?
Highly acidic environment for digestion -2L of fluid and food spincters
28
What are the three segments of the small intestine?
* Duodenum * Jejunum * Ileum
29
What is the primary function of the liver?
Functions in carbohydrate and protein metabolism Produces bile to help with lipid breakdown in the small intestine.
30
What is the role of the pancreas?
Produces pancreatic juices to neutralize chyme
31
What do red blood cells (RBCs) do?
Transport oxygen
32
What do white blood cells (WBCs) do?
Fight infections
33
What are the components of blood?
* Red Blood Cells (RBCs) * White Blood Cells (WBCs) * Platelets * Plasma
34
What is the function of the coronary blood flow?
Deliver nutrients and oxygen to the heart
35
What are the two sections of the pituitary gland?
* Anterior Pituitary * Posterior Pituitary
36
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
Central gland overseeing the endocrine system
37
What is the main function of the integumentary system?
Forms a physical barrier, maintaining homeostasis
38
What are keratinocytes?
Cells that produce keratin for water resistance and toughness
39
What does the dermis contain?
* Blood vessels * Connective tissue * Sweat glands * Hair follicles
40
What is the sliding filament mechanism?
Process of myosin binding to actin and pulling thin filament
41
What is the main role of the testes in the male reproductive system?
Produce sperm and testosterone
42
What are the primary hormones produced by the ovaries?
* Estrogen * Progesterone
43
What is oogenesis?
Development of egg cells
44
What is the function of the gallbladder?
Stores bile produced by the liver
45
What is the role of insulin?
Decreases blood sugar levels Promotes glucose metabolism and stores glucose as glycogen.
46
What is the role of glucagon?
Increases blood sugar levels
47
Fill in the blank: The _______ is responsible for breathing, BP, and HR regulation.
Medulla Oblongata
48
True or False: The left lung has three lobes.
False
49
What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?
Separates the stomach from the small intestine
50
What are the two layers of the testes?
* Tunica albuginea * Tunica vaginalis
51
What is the function of the seminal glands?
Produce semen (without sperm) which mixes with sperm
52
What is the role of the bulbourethral gland?
Produces fluid to lubricate the glans penis
53
What provides structural support in the skin?
Collagen a fibroblast ## Footnote Collagen is a key protein that gives skin its strength and structure.
54
What is the function of elastin in the skin?
Elasticity ## Footnote Elastin allows skin to return to its original shape after stretching.
55
What are the two layers of the dermis?
* Papillary Layer * Reticular Layer ## Footnote The papillary layer is the upper layer, while the reticular layer provides strength and elasticity.
56
What does the subcutaneous layer connect?
Skin to muscles/bones and stores fat ## Footnote The subcutaneous layer, also known as the hypodermis, provides insulation.
57
What is the primary function of sweat glands?
Regulate temperature via vasodilation and vasoconstriction ## Footnote Sweat glands help release heat and maintain body temperature.
58
What do sebaceous glands do?
Waterproof and lubricate skin and hair ## Footnote Sebaceous glands secrete sebum to keep skin hydrated.
59
How do hair follicles contribute to hair growth?
Through mitosis in the hair bulb ## Footnote Hair follicles are responsible for the production of hair.
60
What characterizes a 2nd degree burn?
Affects epidermis and upper dermis; causes blistering ## Footnote 2nd degree burns can result in significant pain and swelling.
61
What is the main function of the endocrine system?
Messenger system with hormones regulating distant organs via feedback loops ## Footnote The endocrine system plays a crucial role in homeostasis.
62
What do endocrine glands do?
Release hormones into the bloodstream ## Footnote Examples include the hypothalamus and thyroid.
63
What is the role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?
Neural control center of the endocrine system ## Footnote It regulates various hormonal functions.
64
What hormone does the anterior pituitary produce that stimulates growth?
Growth Hormone (GH) ## Footnote GH is essential for growth and development.
65
What does the pineal gland produce?
Melatonin ## Footnote Melatonin helps regulate sleep cycles.
66
What are the two types of glands in the endocrine system?
* Endocrine Glands * Exocrine Glands ## Footnote Endocrine glands release hormones into the blood, while exocrine glands use ducts.
67
What is the primary function of the kidneys in the urinary system?
Maintains osmotic balance and removes metabolic waste through urine ## Footnote The kidneys filter blood and produce urine.
68
What is the role of nephrons in the kidneys?
Filter blood and form urine ## Footnote Nephrons are the functional units of the kidneys.
69
What are pathogens?
Microorganisms that can cause disease ## Footnote Pathogens include bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists, and worms.
70
What are the key players in the immune system?
* Macrophages * Neutrophils * Eosinophils * Basophils * B cells * T cells ## Footnote These cells are crucial for immune responses.
71
What is the first line of defense in the immune system?
Non-specific defense provided by skin and mucous membranes ## Footnote These barriers prevent pathogens from entering the body.
72
What do cytotoxic T cells do?
Destroy infected cells by inducing apoptosis ## Footnote They are crucial for cell-mediated immunity.
73
What is the role of B cells in the immune response?
Produce antibodies in response to antigens ## Footnote Antibodies neutralize specific pathogens.
74
What type of immunity is developed from exposure to a disease or vaccination?
Active Immunity ## Footnote Active immunity provides long-lasting protection.
75
What is the adult human skeleton composed of?
206 bones ## Footnote It includes bones, muscles, cartilage, and connective tissues.
76
What are the two divisions of the skeleton?
* Axial Skeleton * Appendicular Skeleton ## Footnote The axial skeleton includes the skull and rib cage, while the appendicular skeleton includes limbs.
77
What is the function of osteoblasts?
Build and mineralize bones ## Footnote Osteoblasts are essential for bone growth and repair.
78
What is the primary function of red bone marrow?
Produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets ## Footnote Red bone marrow is crucial for hematopoiesis.
79
What is the process of bone remodeling?
* Resting State: Inactive state. * Resorption: Osteoclasts dissolve bone minerals, releasing calcium. * Reversal: Mononuclear cells prepare the site for new bone formation. * Formation: Osteoblasts create new osteoid (bone matrix). * Mineralization: Restores bone strength. ## Footnote This process maintains bone health and strength.
80
What do chondrocytes do?
Mature chondroblasts ## Footnote Chondrocytes maintain cartilage structure.
81
Fill in the blank: The _______ layer connects the skin to muscles and bones.
Subcutaneous (Hypodermis) ## Footnote This layer also stores fat.
82
* Thyroid Gland
o Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3): Regulate metabolism. o Calcitonin: Lowers blood calcium levels
83
parathyroid
Produces parathyroid hormone (raises blood calcium).
84
* Thymus:
Produces thymosin (T-cell production).
85
o Adrenal Medulla
 Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (fight or flight response
86
o Adrenal Cortex
 Glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol): Stress response, glucose metabolism.  Mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone): Salt and water balance
87
Second Line (Inflammatory Response)
* Macrophages (Phagocytic White Blood Cells): Engulf and digest pathogens, aiding in inflammatory responses. * Mast Cells: Release histamine, dilating blood vessels near injuries and making them "leaky."
88
Third Line (Specific Defense)
* Adaptive Immunity: Develops in response to a pathogen or vaccination. * Involves specific recognition of antigens (markers identifying harmful agents).
89
Antibodies
* IgG: Most abundant; enhances phagocytosis and neutralizes toxins. * IgA: Mucosal immunity. * IgM: First produced during infections; forms complexes with antigens. * IgE: Involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections. * IgD: Plays a role in early immune responses.
90
Memory Cells
* Memory B Cells: Produce antibodies quickly upon re-exposure to a pathogen. * Memory T Cells: Quickly activate cytotoxic T cells during re-exposure.
91
Passive Immunity
Antibodies provided from another source (e.g., breast milk, placenta, or immunoglobulin injections).
92
Bone Cells:
* Osteoblasts: Build and mineralize bones. * Osteocytes: Mature osteoblasts. * Osteoclasts: Break down bone tissue (release calcium during resorption).
93
Cartilage
* Chondroblasts: Form cartilage. * Chondrocytes: Mature chondroblasts. * Functions: Supports bone-joint connections, acts as a template for bone development.

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