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CHEM Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the relationship between the number of protons and electrons in an atom?

A

Number of protons = Number of electrons (neutral charge)

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2
Q

What is the charge and mass of a proton?

A

Positive charge (+1), weight = 1 amu

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3
Q

What is the charge and mass of a neutron?

A

Neutral charge, weight = 1 amu

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4
Q

What is the charge and mass of an electron?

A

Negative charge (-1), weight = ~0.000549 amu (not considered in atomic mass)

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5
Q

What does atomic number represent?

A

Number of protons in an element

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6
Q

What is atomic mass?

A

Total number of protons and neutrons in an element

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7
Q

How do you calculate the number of neutrons?

A

Neutrons = Mass Number - Atomic Number

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8
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Variants of the same chemical element with the same atomic number but different numbers of neutrons

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9
Q

What is an ion?

A

An atom or group of atoms with an electrical charge

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10
Q

What is a cation?

A

Positively charged ion

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11
Q

What is an anion?

A

Negatively charged ion

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12
Q

What is the definition of electron shells?

A

Electrons orbit the nucleus in specific shells: K, L, M, N

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13
Q

What is the outer shell in relation to chemical bonding?

A

Only electrons in the outermost shell participate in chemical bonds

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14
Q

What is an orbital?

A

3D space where electrons in a given subshell can be found

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15
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

Complete transfer of valence electrons between atoms

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16
Q

What is the octet rule?

A

Atoms prefer to have 8 electrons in their valence shell

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17
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

Sharing of electron pairs between atoms

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18
Q

Which elements are key in covalent bonding?

A
  • Carbon
  • Oxygen
  • Hydrogen
  • Nitrogen
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19
Q

What does a period in the periodic table indicate?

A

7 horizontal rows, indicating the number of electron shells

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20
Q

What does a group in the periodic table indicate?

A

Vertical columns (1–18), indicating the number of valence electrons

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21
Q

What are the states of matter?

A
  • Solid: Definite shape and volume
  • Liquid: Definite volume, indefinite shape
  • Gas: Indefinite shape and volume
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22
Q

What is mass?

A

Amount of matter in an object (grams, kilograms)

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23
Q

What is volume?

A

Space occupied by an object (liters, milliliters)

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24
Q

What is density?

A

Mass per unit volume (Density = Mass / Volume)

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25
What is melting?
Solid to liquid
26
What is freezing?
Liquid to solid
27
What is condensation?
Gas to liquid
28
What is evaporation?
Liquid to gas
29
What is sublimation?
Solid to gas
30
What is deposition?
Gas to solid
31
What are reactants?
Substances present at the start of a reaction
32
What are products?
Substances formed as a result of the reaction
33
What does balancing a chemical equation involve?
Equal number of atoms for each element on both sides
34
What is synthesis in chemical reactions?
Two or more substances combine to form one product
35
What is decomposition in chemical reactions?
Single substance breaks down into simpler substances
36
What is single displacement?
One element replaces another (A + BC → AC + B)
37
What is double displacement?
Two compounds swap elements (AB + CD → AD + CB)
38
What is a mole?
6.02 × 10²³ particles (Avogadro's Number)
39
What is the formula for calculating grams per mole?
Number of elements × Atomic Mass = g/mol
40
What is the collision theory?
Particles must collide with sufficient energy to react
41
How does temperature affect chemical reactions?
Higher temperature = faster reactions
42
How does concentration and pressure affect reactions?
Higher concentration/pressure = more frequent collisions
43
How does surface area affect reaction speed?
Greater surface area = faster reaction
44
What is a catalyst?
Speeds up reactions (e.g., enzymes)
45
What is equilibrium in chemical reactions?
Occurs when the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction in a closed system
46
What is static equilibrium?
Both the forward and reverse reactions stop (rate = 0)
47
What is dynamic equilibrium?
The forward and reverse reactions occur simultaneously and continuously
48
What is an example of dynamic equilibrium?
Carbon Dioxide in a Solution: Rate of CO₂ escaping equals the rate dissolving back
49
What is adhesion in relation to water?
Attraction between different molecules
50
What is cohesion in relation to water?
Attraction between similar molecules
51
What is a solution?
Homogeneous mixture of solute and solvent
52
What is a solute?
Substance dissolved (e.g., sugar)
53
What is a solvent?
Substance that dissolves solute (e.g., water)
54
What is water's role as a universal solvent?
Water is capable of dissolving more substances than any other liquid
55
What is osmosis?
Movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from high to low water potential
56
What is hypertonic in terms of tonicity?
Higher solute concentration
57
What is hypotonic in terms of tonicity?
Lower solute concentration
58
What is isotonic in terms of tonicity?
Equal solute and water concentration
59
What is diffusion?
Net movement of particles from high to low concentration
60
What is facilitated diffusion?
Uses protein channels for larger particles
61
What is active transport?
Movement from low to high concentration using ATP
62
What is the pH of an acid?
pH < 7; increases H⁺ concentration
63
What is the pH of a base?
pH > 7; decreases H⁺ concentration
64
What is the pH of a neutral substance?
pH = 7 (e.g., pure water)
65
What does litmus paper indicate?
Red turns blue (alkaline), Blue turns red (acidic)
66
What does a pH probe do?
Measures pH more accurately
67
Fill in the blank: Neutrons = _______
Mass Number - Atomic Number
68
Fill in the blank: Density = _______
Mass / Volume
69
Fill in the blank: g/mol = _______
Number of Elements × Atomic Mass = g/mol
70
What is the synthesis reaction formula?
A + B → AB
71
What is the decomposition reaction formula?
AB → A + B
72
What is the single displacement reaction formula?
A + BC → AC + B
73
What is the double displacement reaction formula?
AB + CD → AD + CB
74
What is the combustion reaction formula?
Hydrocarbon + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O

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