SCIENCE Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
a highly complex part of an animal or human that coordinates its actions and sensory information transmitting signals to and different parts of the body
A
Nervous System
2
Q
consists the brain and the spinal cord, controls most functions of the body and mind
A
Central Nervous System
3
Q
contains all nerves that lie outside of the CNS, connects the CNS to the organs, limbs, and the skin
A
Peripheral Nervous System
4
Q
Controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.
A
Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
5
Q
Controls involuntary functions (e.g., heart rate, digestion).
A
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
6
Q
Activates “fight-or-flight” response.
A
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
7
Q
Promotes “rest-and-digest” activities.
A
Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)
8
Q
Forebrain (CTH)
A
Cerebrum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
9
Q
Responsible for intelligence, perception, thought, judgment, and decision
A
Cerebrum
10
Q
Relays sensory and motor information.
A
Thalamus
11
Q
Controls autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland.
A
Hypothalamus
12
Q
Midbrain (MES)
A
Mesencephalon
13
Q
Coordinates sensory information with simple movements.
A
Tectum and Tegmentum
14
Q
Hindbrain (CPM)
A
Cerebellum
Pons
Medulla Oblongata
15
Q
Controls motor coordination and balance.
A
Cerebellum
16
Q
Regulates breathing and facial expressions.
A
Pons
17
Q
Controls heartbeat, blood pressure, and reflex actions.
A
Medulla Oblongata
18
Q
Structure of a Neuron (Order) (DCNAMSMNT)
A
Dendrites
Cell Body
Nucleus
Axon
Myelin Sheath
Schwann’s Cells
Node of Ranvier
Terminals
19
Q
Carry information from receptors to the CNS.
A
Sensory Neurons or Afferent
20
Q
Carry information from the CNS to effectors.
A
Motor Neurons or Efferent
21
Q
Relay information between sensory and motor neurons.
A
Interneurons
22
Q
Electrical signals travel along the neuron and are transmitted across synapses via neurotransmitters.
A
Neurotransmission
23
Q
Progressive memory loss and cognitive decline.
A
Alzheimer’s
24
Q
Recurrent seizures due to abnormal nerve cell activity.
A
Epilepsy
25
Impairment of brain function due to reduced blood flow or bleeding.
Stroke
26
made up of glands that produce hormones, which are chemical messengers that regulate mood, growth, metabolism, and reproduction.
Endocrine System
27
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone, dopamine, growth hormone-releasing hormone.
Regulates the Pituitary
Hypothalamus
28
Growth hormone, oxytocin, vasopressin.
Controls growth, metabolism, and reproductive functions.
Pituitary
29
Thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3).
Regulates metabolism.
Thyroid
30
Cortisol, adrenaline.
Controls stress response and metabolism.
Adrenal
31
Insulin, glucagon.
Regulates blood sugar levels.
Pancreas
32
Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone.
Regulates reproductive functions.
Ovaries and Testes
33
Melatonin.
Regulates body's circadian rhythm.
Pineal
34
Maintains homeostasis by reducing hormone levels when they are too high.
Negative Feedback
35
Increases hormone levels to amplify a response (e.g., childbirth).
Positive Feedback
36
Insufficient hormone production (e.g., diabetes mellitus).
Hyposecretion
37
Excessive hormone production (e.g., gigantism).
Hypersecretion
38
responsible for producing egg cells, receiving sperm, nurturing the development of a fetus, and providing nourishment through lactation.
Female Reproductive System
39
Produce eggs and female hormones (estrogen, progesterone).
Almond-shaped, located in the pelvic cavity.
Ovaries
40
Transport eggs from the ovaries to the uterus.
Lined with cilia to move the egg.
Fallopian Tubes
41
Site of egg implantation and fetal development.
Composed of the endometrium (inner lining), myometrium (muscle layer), and uterine fundus (upper area).
Uterus
42
Connects the uterus to the vagina.
Contains the cervical canal.
Cervix
43
Birth canal and receives sperm during intercourse.
Covered by the vulva (external genitalia).
Vagina
44
Protects the vaginal opening.
Includes labia majora, labia minora, and clitoris.
Vulva
45
Produces milk for lactation.
Composed of glandular tissue, fatty tissue, and ducts that transport milk to the nipple.
Breast (Mammary)
46
Partial or total removal of external female genitalia for non-medical reasons.
FGM
47
Contain the sperm cells and semen. Counterpart to the Female.
Male Reproductive System
48
The male sex cell (gamete) responsible for fertilizing the female egg.
Sperm
49
The mixture of sperm and fluids from the prostate, Cowper's glands, and seminal vesicles that is ejaculated during sexual intercourse.
Semen
50
The male sex hormone
Androgen
51
The mechanical stimulation of the penis to achieve sexual pleasure and release semen.
Masturbation
52
The natural process of releasing semen from the penis during sexual climax.
Ejaculation
53
Produce sperm (spermatogenesis) and male sex hormones (testosterone).
Hangs in the scrotum, a pouch of skin outside the abdominal cavity.
Testes
54
Encloses and protects the testes, maintaining a temperature slightly lower than body temperature for optimal sperm production.
Scrotum
55
Highly coiled tubes within the testes where sperm production occurs.
Seminiferous Tubules
56
Temporary storage site for sperm after they are produced in the seminiferous tubules. Sperm mature here before ejaculation.
Epididymis
57
Transports mature sperm from the epididymis to the urethra during ejaculation.
Vas Deferens
58
Serves as a passageway for both urine and semen to exit the body. It runs through the penis.
Urethra
59
Secrete a fluid that makes up most of the semen's volume, providing nutrients for sperm.
Seminal Vesicles
60
Secretes a slightly alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acidity of the vagina, enhancing sperm motility.
Prostate Gland
61
Secrete a clear mucus that lubricates the urethra and neutralizes any acidic urine residue.
Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper's Glands)
62
The male organ of copulation, responsible for transferring sperm to the female reproductive tract during intercourse.
Contains erectile tissue that fills with blood during sexual arousal, leading to an erection.
Penis
63
Contains the nucleus with genetic material and the acrosome, which helps the sperm penetrate the egg.
Head
64
Contains mitochondria that provide energy for the sperm's movement.
Middle
65
Propels the sperm forward.
Tail
66
the removal of the foreskin covering the glans penis. It is often done for cultural, religious, or medical reasons, such as reducing the risk of infections and improving hygiene.
Circumcision
67
single-stranded molecule involved in gene expression and protein synthesis. Acts as a messenger, carrying instructions from DNA for protein assembly
RIBONUCLEIC ACID
68
Proteins that catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions in living organisms
ENZYMES
69
The process by which a cell replicates its DNA before cell division. It ensures that each daughter cell receives an identical set of genetic material.
DNA REPLICATION
70
The process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. It includes mitosis and meiosis.
CELL DIVISION
71
It is an organic chemical that is found in most cells of every organism.
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
72
The building blocks of DNA and RNA. These include: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Uracil.
NITROGENOUS BASE
73
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• Long polymer with phosphate backone
• Double stranded or double helix
DNA
74
- the process which a cell's DNA forms two exact copies of itself
- DNA molecule is duplicated before a cell divides.
- It is essential for cell reproduction and inheritance.
DNA REPLICATION
75
unwinds the DNA
double helix
Helicase
76
builds an
RNA primer
Primase
77
matches and lays down nucleotides to build the daughter DNA strand
Polymerase
78
glues the gaps between Okazaki fragments thus sealing them
Ligase
79
Runs from 5' to 3' direction, forming a continuous strand.
Okazaki
80
from 3' to 5' direction, forming fragments.
Lagging
81
from 5' to 3' direction, forming a continuous strand
Leading
82
The end product of DNA Replication is called
Semi Conservative
83
event before cell division.
Interphase
84
the ribosome gets together with the mRNA and the first tRNA so translation can begin.
Initiation
85
amino acids are brought to the ribosome by tRNAs and linked together to form a chain.
Elongation
86
the finished polypeptide is released to go and do its job in the cell.
Termination
87
Found in mRNA, a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code
Codon
88
Found in tRNA, complements the codon or its bases.
Anti Codon
89
Number of codon combinations
64
90
permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism 's genome. This change can affect a single nucleotide, a group of nucleotides, or entire segments of chromosomes
MUTATION
91
animal or plant that is physically different from others of the same species because of a change in its genes.
MUTANT
92
agents that can cause mutations in DNA and raise their frequency above natural levels
MUTAGEN
93
occur naturally without the influence of external factors. They arise due to errors in normal biological processes
SPONTANEOUS
94
occur due to exposure to external factors (mutagens) that damage DNA or interfere with its replication
INDUCED
95
Small Scale Mutation
DNA PROTEIN
96
Alteration of a single nucleotide of a gene.
POINT MUTATION
97
altered codon still codes for the same amino acid.
SILENT
98
altered codon becomes a STOP codon, leading to premature termination of protein synthesis.altered codon becomes a STOP codon, leading to premature termination of protein synthesis.
NONSENSE
99
altered codon codes for different amino acid, potentially altering the protein's function.
MISSENSE
100
Alters the reading form or the how the sequence is interpreted, often resulting in a completely different protein
FRAMESHIFT
101
nucleotide or group of nucleotides is added to the DNA Sequence
INSERTION
102
nucleotide or group of nucleotides is removed from the DNA Sequence
DELETION
103
segment of DNA is reversed within the chromosome.
INVERSION
104
group of nucleotide form the original sequence is replaced by another.
SUBSTITUTION
105
Large Scale Mutation
CHROMOSOME
106
removes a chromosomal segment.
Deletion
107
removes a chromosomal segment.
Dupliction
108
reverses a segment within a chromosome.
Inversion
109
moves a segment from one chromosome to another, nonhomologous one.
Reciprocal Translocation
