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2025 t2 > Science > Flashcards

Science Flashcards

In the Test Tube + Pandemic - Creds Carys R (84 cards)

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1
Q

What are infectious diseases?

A

Diseases caused by pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites that can spread between individuals.

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2
Q

How does the body respond to infectious diseases?

A

Through immune responses including barriers, inflammation, phagocytosis, and lymphocytes.

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3
Q

How do non-infectious diseases develop?

A

From genetics, environment, nutrition, or mutations (e.g., cancer).

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4
Q

What is the difference between direct and indirect transmission?

A

Direct is physical contact (e.g., bodily fluids); indirect is through air, surfaces, or vectors.

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5
Q

How has technology improved medicine?

A

Vaccines, antibiotics, imaging (like MRIs), and surgery improve diagnosis and treatment.

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6
Q

What is the role of antibiotics?

A

Kill bacteria, not viruses; must match the specific bacteria to be effective.

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7
Q

What is antibiotic resistance?

A

When bacteria evolve to survive antibiotics that used to kill them.

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8
Q

What do painkillers do in disease treatment?

A

Reduce symptoms like fever or pain but do not kill the pathogen.

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9
Q

What are the three lines of immune defence?

A

1st: Barriers (skin, mucus); 2nd: Inflammation, phagocytes; 3rd: Lymphocytes, antibodies.

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10
Q

How does the first line of defence protect you?

A

Blocks pathogen entry using skin, mucus, tears, and stomach acid.

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11
Q

What happens during inflammation (second line)?

A

Blood flow increases; phagocytes rush in to engulf pathogens.

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12
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Phagocytes (macrophages) engulf and digest pathogens.

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13
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

White blood cells (B and T cells) in the third line of defence.

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14
Q

How do B cells protect you?

A

Make antibodies and memory cells to fight specific pathogens.

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15
Q

What is the role of T cells?

A

Kill infected cells and make memory cells.

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16
Q

What are antigens?

A

Foreign markers on pathogens that trigger immune responses.

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17
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

Bind to pathogens to destroy or neutralize them.

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18
Q

What are memory cells?

A

Cells that ‘remember’ a pathogen and create faster responses in future.

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19
Q

What do antitoxins do?

A

Neutralise toxins released by pathogens.

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20
Q

How does vaccination work?

A

Introduces a weakened/dead pathogen to produce memory cells without causing disease.

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21
Q

What is the structure of an atom?

A

Protons and neutrons in the nucleus, electrons orbiting around.

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22
Q

What do protons determine?

A

The identity of the element (atomic number).

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23
Q

What do neutrons do?

A

Add mass and help stabilize the atom.

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24
Q

What is the role of electrons?

A

Participate in chemical bonding.

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25
How is the Periodic Table organised?
By increasing atomic number and grouped by similar properties.
26
What are ionic compounds?
Formed when metals transfer electrons to non-metals (creating ions).
27
What are covalent compounds?
Formed when non-metals share electrons.
28
Why are chemical reactions important in society?
They help create fuels, plastics, medicines, and other useful materials.
29
How has society influenced chemical developments?
Needs for safer, stronger, and eco-friendly materials push innovation.
30
What is an element made of?
Atoms or molecules of only one type from the Periodic Table.
31
What is a molecule made of?
Two or more non-metal atoms bonded together.
32
What defines a compound?
Atoms of different elements chemically bonded together.
33
What makes up a mixture?
Two or more substances not chemically bonded.
34
What is matter?
Anything that has mass and takes up space.
35
What is a substance in science?
Matter with specific composition and properties.
36
What is an ion?
An atom that has gained or lost electrons and carries a charge.
37
What is an isotope?
Atoms with the same number of protons but different neutrons.
38
What makes an investigation valid and reliable?
Valid: tests what it’s supposed to; Reliable: results are repeatable.
39
How do scientists solve problems?
Using critical thinking, background knowledge, and testing solutions.
40
How is data represented in science?
With graphs, tables, charts, and models to show trends clearly.
41
Why are secondary sources useful?
They provide existing data or support for conclusions.
42
What is data analysis?
Studying and interpreting data to find patterns and draw conclusions.
43
What tools help represent data?
Graphs, tables, software, and visual models.
44
How should you present scientific ideas?
Using clear scientific language, evidence, and correct formatting for the audience.
45
What are the characteristic features of bacteria?
Small, living, unicellular organism, does not have a nucleus, has a cell wall.
46
Give an example of a bacterial pathogen.
Escherichia coli (E. coli)
47
What disease is caused by E. coli and what are the symptoms?
Urinary tract infection – symptoms include changes in urination such as frequency, pain, or burning; urine looks dark or smells bad; nausea/vomiting; and fever.
48
What are the characteristic features of viruses?
Non-living, smaller than bacteria, needs a host cell to reproduce, has a protein coat and genetic material (DNA or RNA).
49
Give an example of a viral pathogen.
Influenza virus
50
What disease is caused by the influenza virus and what are the symptoms?
Influenza (flu) – symptoms include fever, chills, muscle aches, cough, congestion, runny nose, headaches, and fatigue.
51
What are the characteristic features of fungi?
Living organisms, can be unicellular (like yeast) or multicellular (like mold), have a nucleus, cell wall made of chitin.
52
Give an example of a fungal pathogen.
Candida albicans
53
What disease is caused by Candida albicans and what are the symptoms?
Candidiasis – symptoms include white patches in the mouth (oral thrush), itching and discharge (vaginal yeast infection), or skin irritation.
54
What are the characteristic features of protozoa?
Single-celled organisms, have a nucleus, live in moist environments, often spread through contaminated water.
55
Give an example of a protozoan pathogen.
Plasmodium falciparum
56
What disease is caused by Plasmodium falciparum and what are the symptoms?
Malaria – symptoms include fever, chills, sweating, headache, nausea, vomiting, and muscle pain.
57
What are the characteristic features of parasites?
Organisms that live on or inside a host, taking nutrients at the host’s expense, can be unicellular or multicellular.
58
Give an example of a parasitic pathogen.
Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)
59
What disease is caused by Taenia solium and what are the symptoms?
Taeniasis – symptoms include digestive problems, abdominal pain, weight loss, and in severe cases, cysticercosis (which can affect the brain and cause seizures).
60
What is the second line of defence in the immune system?
It is a non-specific response that occurs when pathogens get past the first line. It includes inflammation, fever, and phagocytosis by white blood cells.
61
How does inflammation help fight infection?
It increases blood flow to the area, bringing more immune cells and making it easier to destroy pathogens.
62
What role does fever play in the second line of defence?
Fever raises body temperature, which can slow down pathogen growth and boost the immune response.
63
What is the third line of defence in the immune system?
It is a specific immune response that targets particular pathogens using lymphocytes (B cells and T cells).
64
What are the main cells involved in the third line of defence?
B cells and T cells (lymphocytes).
65
What do B cells do in the immune response?
They produce antibodies that bind to specific antigens on pathogens, marking them for destruction.
66
What do T cells do in the immune response?
They help kill infected cells directly (cytotoxic T cells) or help activate other immune cells (helper T cells).
67
What is an antigen?
A molecule on the surface of a pathogen that triggers an immune response.
68
What is an antibody?
A protein produced by B cells that binds specifically to an antigen to neutralize or destroy the pathogen.
69
How is the third line of defence different from the second line?
It is specific to particular pathogens and creates immunological memory, allowing faster response in future infections.
70
What is immunological memory?
The ability of the immune system to remember past infections and respond more quickly and effectively upon re-exposure.
71
What was Dalton's model of the atom?
Dalton proposed that atoms are tiny, solid, indivisible spheres and that each element is made of a different type of atom.
72
What key idea did Dalton contribute to atomic theory?
Atoms cannot be divided, created, or destroyed and atoms of the same element are identical.
73
What was Thomson’s model of the atom?
Thomson proposed the 'plum pudding' model – a positively charged sphere with negatively charged electrons embedded in it.
74
What experiment led to Thomson's discovery?
His cathode ray tube experiment led to the discovery of the electron.
75
What did Thomson discover about atoms?
He discovered the electron and showed that atoms are divisible.
76
What was Rutherford’s model of the atom?
Rutherford proposed that atoms have a small, dense, positively charged nucleus with electrons orbiting around it – mostly empty space.
77
What experiment led to Rutherford’s model?
The gold foil experiment, where alpha particles were deflected by a dense nucleus.
78
What key discovery did Rutherford make?
The nucleus – a small, dense, positively charged center of the atom.
79
What was Bohr’s model of the atom?
Bohr suggested that electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed energy levels or shells without radiating energy.
80
How did Bohr’s model improve upon Rutherford’s?
Bohr explained why electrons don’t spiral into the nucleus and introduced energy levels to explain atomic spectra.
81
What did Bohr’s model explain that previous models could not?
It explained the emission spectra of hydrogen – why atoms emit light at specific wavelengths.
82
What did James Chadwick discover about the atom?
Chadwick discovered the neutron – a neutral particle in the nucleus with a mass similar to that of a proton.
83
Why was Chadwick’s discovery important?
It explained the missing mass in atoms and led to a better understanding of nuclear reactions and isotopes.
84
Drawing covalent bonds
Only draw the valence shell, each atom must have a full valence shell, represent one element with crosses and one element with dots

2025 t2 (9 decks)

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