Science Genetics

Question 1

What is DNA

Answer 1

The molecule that carries the genetic information of your parents.
DNA determines traits.
Stored in the cells nucleus.

Question 2

What are the 4 nitrogenous bases and base pairs

Answer 2

Adenine - Thymine
Cytosine - guanine

Question 3

Amino acids make up…

Answer 3

Proteins which make up cells which make up tissue etc.

Question 4

how many chromosomes do humans have?

Answer 4

humans have 46 chromosomes.

Question 5

What is the DNA structure

Answer 5

A double helix

Question 6

Inheritance

Answer 6

The passing down of traits via genes from one generation from the next.

Question 7

What is a gene

Answer 7

A unit of genetic information in the DNA.
The set of instruction for building a specific protein.

Question 8

What is a protein

Answer 8

Large molecule made up of amino acids.
built out of amino acids outside the cells nucleus in the cytoplasm.

Question 9

What is RNA

Answer 9

RNA molecules go inside nucleus to make partial copies of DNA, much shorter.
Missing one of their sides (in half) allowing them to fit through small pores in the nucleus to get outside into cytoplasm.

Question 10

What is a ribosome?

Answer 10

Build proteins by reading the RNA code (in the cytoplasm) three letters at a time. Suck amino acids out of surroundings and stick them together in a chain according to the RNA code.

Question 11

What is a codon?

Answer 11

Each group of three bases that the ribosome reads.

Question 12

What are the 4 nitrogenous bases and pairs in RNA?

Answer 12

Cytosine - guanine
uracil - adenine

Question 13

The addition of a base

Answer 13

Insertion

Question 14

The removal of a base

Answer 14

deletion

Question 15

The replacement of a base by another

Answer 15

substitution (not as dangerous)

Question 16

3 basic types of mutation

Answer 16

substitution, deletion, insertion

Question 17

What is a point mutation

Answer 17

A change to just a single base.

Question 18

What is a frameshift mutation

Answer 18

A change to multiple bases.

Question 19

What is mitosis

Answer 19

Cell division for growth and repair. (PMAT)

Question 20

What is interphase

Answer 20

The cell grows, DNA replicates and cell functions.

Question 21

What are the stages of mitosis/ cell cycle

Answer 21

90% Interphase 10% - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.

Question 22

What is a parent cell

Answer 22

The cell that divides.

Question 23

What is a daughter cell

Answer 23

The two new cells are called daughter cells.

Question 24

What is prophase

Answer 24

The cell Prepares for division - chromosomes condense and nucleus begins to break down

Question 25

What is Metaphase

Answer 25

The chromosomes line up along the Middle of the cell.

Question 26

What is anaphase

Answer 26

Chromosomes separate and are dragged Away from each other by spindle fibres.

Question 27

what is telophase

Answer 27

Two nuclei form, each with its own set of identical DNA

Question 28

What is Meiosis

Answer 28

Cell division for the purpose of egg and sperm cells.

Question 29

What are gametes

Answer 29

Sex cells.

Question 30

What are female and male sex cells called

Answer 30

male - sperm cells female - egg cells

Question 31

fertilization

Answer 31

when an egg and sperm cell fuse together. Fertilized egg contains DNA from mother and father.

Question 32

What are sex chromosomes?

Answer 32

Determine a person's sex. Females have two x chromosomes, males have one x and one y chromosome.

Question 33

What are homologous pairs?

Answer 33

Two chromosomes containing versions of the same gene.

Question 34

How many cell divisions in meiosis

Answer 34

2. cell divides once and those cells divide again to form 4 sex cells with 23 chromosomes.

Question 35

What is simple inheritance?

Answer 35

When appearance of a trait is controlled by a single gene.

Question 36

What is a dominant trait

Answer 36

Feature that appears when one allele is present.

Question 37

What is a dominant allele

Answer 37

Version of a gene expressed even when only one copy is present.

Question 38

What is a recessive trait

Answer 38

Feature that only appears when two alleles are present.

Question 39

What is a recessive allele

Answer 39

Version of a gene that is only expressed when two copies are present.

Question 40

What is a genotype

Answer 40

An organism's collection of observable traits.

Question 41

What is a phenotype

Answer 41

Pair of alleles that influence the appearance of a particular trait.

Question 42

homozygous

Answer 42

A genotype where both alleles are the same

Question 43

heterozygous

Answer 43

A genotype where both alleles are different.

Question 44

What is a punnet square

Answer 44

A diagram to predict the outcome of the genetic cross between two organisms.

Question 45

What is a pedigree

Answer 45

A family tree that show how a trait is passed down from one generation to the next.

Question 46

What do the symbols mean in a pedigree

Answer 46

Square - male circle - female line between - mating partners if coloured in - presence of trait if left blank - no trait