science is a closed system

Question 1

the velikovsky affair

Answer 1

• people blocked his ideas and rejected his theory in which he challenged the paradigm
• it contradicted their beliefs

Question 2

paradigms (kuhn)

Answer 2

• scientific developments are not gradual but are upheavals
• theories are never questioned

Question 3

interpretivism (woolgar)

Answer 3

• all scientific knowledge is socially constructed
• people change their theories to fit the scientific community
• cambridge students, discovered objects in the sky emitting radio waves, at first believed to be aliens
• changed their theory to fit scientific explanations

Question 4

conflict theories

Answer 4

• marxism argues science is controlled by the powerful and is an ideology
• serves the interest of dominant group in society
• therefore science is driven by capitalism