Science Sem 1 Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
what is matter?
A
- anything that takes up space
- has mass
2
Q
what is the atomic number
A
the number of protons in the nucleus
3
Q
what is the atomic mass?
A
number of protons and neutrons.
4
Q
what are isotopes?
A
- same number of protons
- different number of neutrons
5
Q
when does the atmic radius increase?
A
going down each group in the peridoic table
6
Q
what are molecules?
A
- two or more atoms combined
7
Q
what are elemental molecules? (add egs)
A
- same element substances
O2, H2
8
Q
what are compounds? (add egs)
A
- different element substances
H2O, CO2, 2KI, PbI2
9
Q
what’s an ion?
A
- an unbalanced atom or molecule
10
Q
what are cations and anions?
A
Cations - positively charged ions
Anions - Negatively charged ion
11
Q
how do elements become more stable?
A
By gaining or losing electrons
12
Q
what are chemical reactions?
A
- When valence electrons interact
13
Q
what are the 3 types of bonding?
A
- ionic bonding
- covalent bonding
- metallic bonding
14
Q
what is ionic bonding?
A
- transfer of electrons between atoms
- attraction between cations and anions
15
Q
what does ionic bonding occur between? (metal/nonmetal)
A
metal and non-metal
16
Q
what is covalent bonding?
A
- sharing of electrons between atoms
17
Q
what does covalent bonding occur between?
A
non-metal, and non-metal
18
Q
how are metal cations structured?
A
- share a sea of electrons
- move freely
19
Q
what does metallic bonding occur between?
A
metals and metals
20
Q
what does ‘sea of electrons ‘mean?
A
- they are good conductors of heat and electricity
- they are ductile and malleable
21
Q
what are alloys?
A
mixtures of metal
22
Q
what distrupts the metals’ layers? (makes it hard to slide over?)
A
the different sizes of atoms
23
Q
what are reactants?
A
the substances that react
24
Q
what are the subtances formed called?
A
products
25
what is activation energy ?
minimum amount of energy needed for new bonds to be made/ bonds to be broken
26
what is the mass of atoms equal to?
- mass of products
27
mass of atoms = ?
mass of the products
28
list 3 features of an endothermic reaction
- absorb energy
- usually need heat
- have MORE stored energy than the reactant
29
list 3 features of an exothermic reaction
- release energy
- usually need heat, sound, or light
- products have LESS stored chemical energy than the reactants
30
list 3 examples of endothermic and exothermic reactions
Endothermic
- Photosynthesis
- Chemical ice pack
- Sherbet
Exothermic
- Fire
- Respiration
- Explosion
31
what is the 4 factors that affect the rate of a reaction
- Temperature
- Concentration
- Surface Area
- Catalyst
32
What does Temperature do to a reaction?
- Higher temperature gives reactant particles more kinetic energy to move faster and collide harder
33
What does Concentration do to a reaction?
- Higher concentration means more reactant particles in the same space.
- More particles lead to more frequent collisions.
- Faster collisions increase the chances of a successful reaction.
34
What does Surface Area do to a reaction?
- Breaking solids into smaller pieces
- Which allows reactions to occur at multiple points at once.
- Faster reactions occur because more collisions happen at the surface.
35
What does Catalyst do to a reaction?
- It reduces the energy needed for a reaction to occur.
36
What is a synthesis reaction? (Endo or Exo)
- combining elements to make a compound
- Exothermic
37
what is a decomposition reaction? (Endo or Exo)
- Molecule breaks down to form two or more smaller products
- Endothermic
38
what does a single replacement reaction do? (Endo or Exo)
- one element replaces another element in a compound
- Exothermic
39
What does a double replacement reaction do? (Endo or Exo)
- the cations and anions of the two compound switch places
- Exothermic
40
what is acid soluble in?
water
41
what do acids produce?
hydrogen ions in solution
42
what do acids taste like?
sour taste
43
if the pH scale is closer to 0, what is it?
More acidic
44
what colour does acids turn litmus paper?
Red
45
what do acids neutralise?
Bases
46
can acids be corrosive?
Yes
47
What are bases that are soluble in water called?
Alkalis
48
what do bases produce?
hydroxide
49
what do bases taste and feel like?
Taste Bitter
Feel Soapy/Slippery
50
if the pH scale is closer to 14, what is it?
Basic
51
what colour do bases turn litmus paper?
Blue
52
what do bases neutralise?
acids
53
are bases corrosive?
Concentrated forms can be corrosive
54
what is pH?
the measure of how acidic or basic a solution is.
55
what does an acid + base =?
salt + water
56
what does an acid + metal =?
salt + hydrogen gas
57
what does acid + carbonate=?
salt + carbon dioxide + water
58
what type of reaction is
2HCl +Mg = MgCl₂ + H₂
Acid - Metal reaction
59
What type of reaction is
HCl + NaOH = NaCl + H₂O
Acid - Base reaction
60
What type of reaction is
HCl + Na₂CO₃ = NaCl + CO₂ + H₂O
Acid - Carbonate reaction
61
What type of reaction is this?
HCl + NaOH = NaCl + H2O
Acid - Base reaction
62
What type of reaction is this?
2HNO₃ + Zn → Zn(NO₃)₂ + H₂
Acid - Metal reaction
63
What type of reaction is this?
H₂SO₄ + MgCO₃ → MgSO₄ + CO₂ + H₂O
Acid - Carbonate reaction
64
what type of reaction is this?
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O
Acid - Base Reaction
65
what type of reaction is this?
2HCl + Mg → MgCl₂ + H₂
Acid - Metal Reaction
66
what type of reaction is this?
HCl + Na₂CO₃ → NaCl + CO₂ + H₂O
Acid - Carbonate Reaction
67
What's the chemical formula for Sodium Chloride? (acid base reaction)
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O
68
What's the chemical formula for Magnesium Chloride?
2HCl + Mg → MgCl₂ + H₂
69
What's the chemical formula for Sodium Chloride? (acid carbonate reaction)
HCl + Na₂CO₃ → NaCl + CO₂ + H₂O
70
what's the word equation for combustion?
Hydrocarbon + Oxygen = Carbon dioxide + water
71
what's the formation of oxides?
element + oxygen = oxide
72
what's the formula for respiration?
glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water
73
what's the chemical equation for respiration?
C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ = CO₂ + H₂O
74
What's the formula for Photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide + water = glucose + oxygen
75
What's the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
CO₂ + H₂O = C₆H₁₂ + O₂
76
What is the chemical formula for Vinegar?
CH₃COOH
77
What is the chemical formula for Hydrochloric Acid?
HCl
78
What is HNO₃
Nitric Acid
79
What is the chemical formula for Phosphoric Acid?
H₃PO₄
80
What is H₂SO₄
Sulfuric Acid
81
What's the chemical symbol for Sodium Hydroxide?
NaOH
82
What is the chemical formula for Baking soda?
NaHCO₃
83
What is Ca(OH)₂?
Calcium hydroxide
84
What is NH₃?
Ammonia
85
What is the chemical symbol
for Magnesium hydroxide?
Mg(OH)₂
86
What is Na₂CO₃?
Sodium carbonate
87
What is the chemical formula for Sodium phosphate?
Na₃PO₄
88
What is the chemical formula for corrosion?
4Fe + 3O₂ + 6H₂O → 4Fe(OH)₃
89
What is the chemical formula for rust?
Fe₂O₃·H₂O
90
What's the word equation for corrosion?
Iron + Oxygen + Water → Iron hydroxide
91
What is Ecology
The study of how living and non-living things interact.
92
What does biotic mean?
All the living factors that can affect an organism eg, competitors, predators
93
what does abiotic mean?
all the non-living/physical factors that affect an organism, eg, amount of water, sunlight, oxygen, salinity S.W.O.T.S
94
What is MRSGREN?
Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition
95
List 3 biotic examples
- Plants
- Animals
- Bacteria
96
List 3 abiotic examples
- Temperature
- Water
- Soil
97
What is respiration
The process that the body uses to release energy from digested food
98
What do autotrophs do?
Convert light energy into chemical energy
99
what do heterotrophs do?
Consume energy from other living things
100
what do herbivores do?
Eat autotrophs only
101
What do carnivores do?
Eat heterotrophs only
102
What do omnivores do?
eat autotrophs and heterotrophs
103
What do detrivores do?
eat dead/decomposing organisms or wastes
104
What do decomposers do?
Decomposers break down dead materials, returning nutrients to the soil.
105
what is biodiversity?
The range variety of organisms living in an ecosystem
106
What is an ecosystem
The interactions between living and non-living things in an area.
107
what is an example of an ecosystem
reef ecosystem, pond ecosystem
108
what is a habitat?
The place where an organism lives
109
what is an environment
The factors, both living and non-living, around an organism.
110
what are some examples of enviroments
wind, air, vegetation, wildlife etc.
111
what is a terrarium
A container that acts as an organism's habitat, providing both living and non-living needs.
112
what is predation
where one organism eats or preys on another
113
what is parasitism
a type of predation where one organism benefits while the other doesn't.
114
what is competition?
where both organisms fight for the same resource
115
what is mutualism?
where both organisms benefit (partners, mutual friends)
116
what is commensalism?
where one organism benefits without affecting the other
117
what is amenalism?
One organism harmed while the other is not affected
118
what is neutralism?
Neither affected by the other
119
what is are some examples of predation?
Lion and Zebra: Lions hunt and kill zebras for food.
Eagle and Fish: Eagles catch and eat fish from lakes and rivers.
Wolf and Deer: Wolves hunt and prey on deer.
120
what is are some examples of parasitism?
Tapeworm and Human: Tapeworms live in the intestines of humans, absorbing nutrients from their host.
Flea and Dog: Fleas feed on the blood of dogs, causing irritation and sometimes transmitting diseases.
Mistletoe and Trees: Mistletoe plants attach to trees and extract water and nutrients from them.
121
what is are some examples of competition?
Lions and Hyenas: Both species compete for the same prey, such as wildebeest, in African savannas.
Trees in a Forest: Different tree species compete for sunlight, water, and nutrients in a densely packed forest.
Barnacles on a Rock: Barnacles compete for space on rocks in intertidal zones.
122
what is are some examples of mutualism?
Bees and Flowers: Bees get nectar from flowers for food, while flowers get pollinated.
Clownfish and Sea Anemones: Clownfish receive protection from predators by living among the stinging tentacles of sea anemones, which in turn get cleaned by the fish.
Humans and Gut Bacteria: Beneficial bacteria in the human gut help with digestion and synthesize vitamins, while getting a habitat and nutrients.
123
what is are some examples of commenalism?
Barnacles and Whales: Barnacles attach to the skin of whales, gaining a place to live and access to plankton as the whale moves, while the whale is unaffected.
Cattle Egrets and Cattle: Cattle egrets eat insects stirred up by grazing cattle, without affecting the cattle.
Epiphytic Plants and Trees: Epiphytic plants, like orchids, grow on trees to access sunlight, without harming the tree.
124
what is are some examples of amenalism?
Walnut Tree and Plants Below: Walnut trees release chemicals (juglone) that inhibit the growth of other plants beneath them.
Penicillium Mold and Bacteria: Penicillium mold produces penicillin, which kills bacteria around it.
Large Tree and Smaller Plants: A large tree might shade smaller plants, limiting their access to sunlight and stunting their growth.
125
what is are some examples of neutralism?
Tigers and Deer: In a dense forest, tigers and certain deer species may not affect each other's populations directly.
Frogs and Birds in a Rainforest: Frogs and birds that live in the same area without directly interacting or affecting each other.
Sharks and Sea Cucumbers: In the ocean, sharks and sea cucumbers might coexist without directly impacting each other.
126
What is the first trophic level in a food chain?
Producers, such as plants.
127
In the food chain 'Grass → Grasshopper → Frog → Snake', who is the second order consumer?
Frog.
128
True or False: Primary consumers are always herbivores.
True.
129
Fill in the blank: In the food chain 'Sun → Grass → Rabbit → Fox', the rabbit is a __________ consumer.
first order.
130
What role do decomposers play in food chains?
They break down dead organic matter and recycle nutrients back into the ecosystem.
131
what are first order consumers?
First Order Consumers: These are herbivores that eat plants. Think of rabbits munching on grass.
132
what are second order consumers?
Second Order Consumers: These are carnivores or omnivores that eat first-order consumers. For example, a snake eating a rabbit.
133
what are third order consumers?
Third Order Consumers: These are larger carnivores or omnivores that eat second-order consumers. Like a hawk eating a snake.
134
what are apex predators?
Apex Predators: These are the top predators in the food chain with no natural predators. Think of lions or great white sharks.
135
what is niche?
the ecological niche involves both the place where an organism lives, and the roles that an organism plays
136
what is a keystone species?
is a species that may be in low population size but has a profound effect on species in lower trophic levels
137
What is population?
Population is a group of organisms of the same species that live together in a certain area.
138
what is a community?
different groups of organisms that live together in a particular environment
139
What happens as we move up the food chain/web?
- the number of organisms at each level increases
- the amount biomass (g/m) at each level decreases
- the amount of energy (J) at each level decreases
140
What is biomass?
chemical stored energy
141
what does the biomass pyramid do?
measures the amount of food available at each trophic level.
