Science Spring SERP Flashcards by Ayperi Xierali

Adaptation, Carbon-based Biochemistry, Response to Stimuli, Energy & Metabolism, Organization, Composed of Cells, Growth & Development, Reproduction, and Homeostasis.

The 9 basic characteristics of life.

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What is a limitation of most models?

Models don’t act or behave like the actual thing. (being bigger or smaller than the thing it’s modeling is actually a GOOD thing)

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The cell is the basic unit of life. 2. All living things are composed of one or more cells. 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

3 Parts to the Cell Theory

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What are the five levels of organization within an organism (from simplest to most complex)

Cell – Tissue – Organ – Organ System - Organism

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Example of a Cell

Animal Cell / Plant Cell

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Example of Tissue

Muscle Tissue / Vascular Tissue (xylem and phloem)

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Example of Organ

Heart / Leaf

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Example of Organ System

Cardiovascular System / Root System

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A membrane-covered structure that has all of the materials necessary for life. They are found in all organisms. They can become specialized to perform specific functions. (Like the structure becoming tissue)

Definition of a Cell

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CHLOROPLAST, LARGE VACOULE, CELL WALL, Nucleus, Golgi Body, Mitochondria, Lysosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth & rough), Cell Membrane, Ribosome, Cytoplasm

Structures of Plant Cells

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SMALL VACOULE, Nucleus, Golgi Body, Mitochondria, Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth & rough), Cell Membrane, Ribosome, Cytoplasm, Lysosome

Structures of Animal Cells

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Controls everything the cell does and contains the DNA. **What type of cell does this belong in?

Nucleus (plant/animal cells)

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An organelle that converts glucose into energy for the cell (cellular respiration). **What type of cell does this belong in?

Mitochondria (plant/animal cells)

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An organelle that takes energy from the sun and converts it into chemical energy (glucose) for a plant (photosynthesis). **What type of cell does this belong in?

Chloroplast (Only in Plant cells)

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For chemical formulas, the reactants are on what side of the arrow?

LEFT!!
CO2+Radiant Energy+H20–> Glucose + Oxygen

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For chemical formulas, the products are on what side of the arrow?

RIGHT!!!
CO2+Radiant Energy+H20–> Glucose + Oxygen

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The thin layer that surrounds the cell and allows some substances to pass into the cell and block others. **What type of cell is this found in?

Cell Membrane (Plant/Animal cells)

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A structure that surrounds the cell membrane of some cells and provides strength and support to the cell membrane. **What type of cell is this found in?

Cell Wall (Plant cells only)

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The jelly-like fluid inside the cell that holds and protects the cell’s organelles. **What type of cell is this found in?

Cytoplasm (Animal/Plant cells)

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An organelle that provides storage for a cell. (water, nutrients, wastes) **What type of cell is this found in?

Vacuole (Big one for Plant Cell, small one for Animal cell)

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What do both cells & organisms have in common?

Both cells and an individual organism have some similar functions like waste removal, reproduction, and growth & development.

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How do you calculate the total power of magnification of a microscope?

Multiply the power of the ocular lens (eyepiece) time the power of the objective lens. Like if the eye piece is at 10x and I move the power of the objective lens to 20x, it becomes 200x magnification.

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Who created the 3-Dimensional model of the DNA molecule – the Double Helix Structure.

Francis Crick & James Watson best known for this.

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Maintenance of a constant internal environment when outside conditions change (stable internal environment)

Homeostasis

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Sweating when you are too hot, shivering when you are too cold, your pupil getting smaller in bright light. All of these are examples of what?

Homeostasis

Pp (What does this mean?)

Heterozygous

PP or pp (What does this mean?)

Homozygous

What is an example of a genotype ratio?

1 PP: 2 Pp : 1 pp

What is an example of a phenotype ratio?

2 purple : 2 white

Organelle that has genetic information stored within the cell

The Nucleus

Are segments of DNA (where traits are found). (smaller “parts” make-up chromosomes)

Genes

The passing of genetic material from parent to offspring. The survival of every species depends on the ability of organisms to reproduce.

Heredity

Budding, spores, regeneration, are all examples of___.

Asexual Reproduction

Goes through cytokinesis once.

Mitosis

Has two identical cells after splitting.

Mitosis

Has four different cells with 1/2 of DNA.

Meiosis

Makes gametes (sex cells)

meiosis

A collection of organs whose primary function is to help the body maintain a stable and healthy internal environment; the system composed of the skin, hair, and nails.

Integumentary System

1. Keeps water in your body. 2. Storage (water, fat, glucose & vitamin D). 3. Keeps foreign particles out of your body. 4. To “feel” your environment (acts as a receptor for touch, pressure, pain, heat, and cold). 5. Protects the body against sunburn. 6. Help regulate your body’s temperature (protects against abrupt changes in temperature). 7. Helps excrete waste materials through the skin (perspiration). 8. Generates vitamin D through exposure to UV light.

Additional Functions of the Integumentary System

Names of the 4 major tissues located within the human body

Epithelial Tissue (skin), Nervous Tissue (nerves), Muscle Tissue (muscles), & Connective Tissue (bones, blood and cartilage)

What is epithelial tissue?

Skin

What is nervous tissue?

Nerves

What is muscle tissue?

Muscles

What is connective tissue?

bones, blood and cartilage

Protects underlying tissues from drying out, protects from infection, protect from sunburn, keeps water in the body, keeps harmful chemicals out of the body.

Epidermis

Contains nerve endings (for feeling), Contains sweat glands (to regulate body temperature and excrete wastes), Contains oil (sebaceous) glands (to help waterproof the skin)

Dermis

Fat layer

Hypodermis

Which two body systems work together to experience touch?

Integumentary and Nervous Systems

Largest organ in the body.

Skin

A collection of organs whose primary function is to support and protect the body. It is necessary for protection, storage, aide in movement & blood cell formation.

Skeletal System (Main Function)

4 main types of joints.

Ball and Socket, Sliding and Gliding, Pivotal, and Hinge joints.

Joints made of many small bones that move in many directions - Wrist and Ankles.

Sliding (Gliding) Joints

Joints that move in 360 degrees - Hips and Shoulders.

Ball and Socket Joints

Joints that only move forward and backwards - Knees and Elbows.

Hinge Joint

Joints that pivot on an access - Head on Neck.

Pivotal Joint

A collection of organs whose primary function is movement; the muscles and the connective tissue that attaches muscles to bones (tendon).

Muscular System

3 types of muscle tissue

Cardiac, Skeletal, Smooth

Found in the digestive tract and in the walls of blood vessels, always involuntary

Smooth Muscle

The muscle of the heart, always involuntary.

Cardiac Muscle

Muscles that attach to your bones – like biceps, triceps, quads & hamstrings, sometimes involuntary.

Skeletal

Involuntary Muscle Action:

Smooth, Cardiac & Skeletal

Voluntary Muscle Action:

ONLY Skeletal

How do muscles work in pairs to move the body (explain both flexors & extensors)?

Your muscles work in pairs to create smooth muscle action. Flexors are muscles that will bend a part of your body when they contract (like biceps or hamstrings). Extensors are muscles that will straighten a part of your body when they contract (like triceps or quadriceps). Remember - you always bend towards a flexor.

When a muscle contracts it gets ___ and ___ on a bone.

contracts, pull

When a muscle relaxes, it gets ___ and ___ on the bone.

Longer, allows the opposite muscle to pull

When one muscle contracts, the other muscle must ___ to allow any movement to occur.

Relax

Axial Skeleton

For protection

Bones part of the Axial Skeleton

Down the center (Skull, ribs, sternum, ribs, vertebrae)

Bones part of the Appendicular Skeleton (Just name major things, remember all the bones for a skeleton though)

Appendages: arms and legs, etc.

Protects major body organs such as the brain, heart and lungs. Consists of the skull (cranium), vertebrae, sternum, ribs, and pelvis.

Axial Skeleton

It is a collections of organs that transport blood to and from your body’s cells. It carries gasses, nutrients, and hormones to every cell in your body and removes cellular wastes from each cell in the body.

Cardiovascular System

What would be the main body systems involved in movement?

Your skeletal & muscular systems – the bones provide shape, structure & a point for muscle attachment and the muscles provide the movement of the bones.

Carries O2 around to the body cells.

Red Blood Cell

Fight pathogens (bacteria / viruses).

White Blood Cell

Clots the Blood

Platelets

The fluid part of blood

Plasma

Prevent blood from flowing backwards in veins and in the heart.

Valves

Why do the cardiovascular system and respiratory system depend on each other? (Cardiovascular depends first)

The cardiovascular system depends on the respiratory system to supply the blood with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide waste products from the body.

The respiratory system depends on the cardiovascular system to give the organs of its system with oxygen & nutrients and take away waste products. (Respiratory depends)

The respiratory system depends on the cardiovascular system to give the organs of its system with oxygen & nutrients and take away waste products.

It’s a collection of organs that exchange gasses between living cells and their environment (take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide).

Respiratory System

The diaphragm contracts and moves ___ to inhale and it ___ and moves up to exhale.

Down relaxes

What do gills do for fish and how does that relate to the human body?

Gills remove oxygen from the water for a fish to breathe. It is comparative to the lungs (alveoli) in the human respiratory system taking oxygen out of the air to breathe.

What two body systems are involved in bringing in oxygen and transporting it around the body?

Respiratory (brings in) & Cardiovascular Systems (transports around body)

It’s a collection of organs that return leaked fluid (excess fluid in tissues) to the blood and fights infections.

Lymphatic System

Lymph Nodes, Lymph Vessels, Bone Marrow, Spleen, Thymus Gland, Tonsils

Organs/parts of the Lymphatic System

A group of organs that work together to break down food into the nutrients so that it can be used by the body. It doesn’t make energy… It breaks down nutrients. (your cells make energy when they do cellular respiration)

Digestive System

What type of digestion occurs in the mouth and explain how.

- Mechanical Digestion: The teeth mechanically (physically) digest the food – crushing / mashing. - Chemical Digestion: Saliva starts the chemical digestion of food.

Physical breaking, crushing and mashing of food. Occurs in the stomach and mouth.

Mechanical Digestion

Large molecules are broken down into nutrients (changes what it is by the use of enzymes). Occurs in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine.

Chemical Digestion.

Rhythmic muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract.

Peristalsis

The soupy mixture of food & enzymes in the stomach.

Chyme

The mixture before it reaches the stomach.

Bolus

Digestive Tract

Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, & Anus

Accessory Organs

Salivary Glands, Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas.

Respiratory Tract

Mouth, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli

Makes pancreatic juices and enzymes that flow into the small intestine that breaks down major nutrients, it releases a bicarbonate into the small intestine that will neutralize the acids from the stomach, & it makes insulin to regulate blood sugar.

Functions of the Pancreas.

Function is to remove waste products from the blood and then out of the body and to maintain the volume and composition of most body fluids.

Urinary System Function

What systems excrete waste material?

Integumentary, Respiratory, and Urinary Systems.

Sweat through your skin.

Integumentary method of excretion.

Release CO2 through your lungs across your alveoli. (it also releases water vapor)

Respiratory method of excretion.

Urine filtered from your blood in your kidneys then out the urethra.

Urinary method of excretion.

What structures are a part of the central nervous system (CNS) and what structures are a part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord PNS: All other nerves (sensory neurons, motor neurons…)

It controls voluntary movements and allows you to detect touch, light, sound, odors, taste, pain heat, and cold, and your emotions, thoughts, feelings, and memories.

The cerebrum controls the actions.

It uses electrical messages to allow communication between the cells of the body.

Neurons

What body systems would be involved in pulling your hand away from a hot stove?

Integumentary (to come into contact with it) & Nervous (to feel & send impulses) & Muscular (to move)

A system involved with the control of slower, long-term process, such as fluid balance, growth, sexual development, and mood through the use of hormones.

Endocrine System

The Fight-or-Flight Response is controlled by which body system?

Endocrine System (Adrenal Glands)

Produces adrenaline (epinephrine) that controls the fight-or-flight response.

Adrenal Gland

Connects endocrine system to nervous

Hypothalamus

Produces thyroxine that controls metabolism

Thyroid Gland

Produces parathyroid hormone that controls calcium level in the blood.

Parathyroid Gland

Produces insulin and glucagon that controls glucose levels in the blood.

Pancreas

How many chromosomes are in a human gamete (sex) cells?

How many chromosomes are in a human body cell?

1 parent, genetic uniformity (identical), single celled organisms, associated with mitosis.

Asexual Reproduction

Why do animals reproduce?

Survival of the species (passing on of their genetic information

What is the pathway of eggs through the female’s body?

Ovary - Fallopian Tube - Uterus - Vagina

Where does the primary source of energy for Earth processes come from?

The Sun.

What 5 factors allow life to exist on Earth?

Liquid water, an atmosphere, an energy source, acceptable temperature range, and nutrients.

What is the range for the acceptable temperature range?

-15 degrees Celsius to 115 degrees Celsius

Which of the 5 main factors is the most important in finding life on other planets?

Liquid Water

Why is liquid water important for life to exist on a planet?

It helps moderate the world’s climate because it takes so much energy to change the temperature of water even one degree - it helps keep the planet’s overall temperature fairly even. It allows chemical reactions to occur in a cell and it is the majority of a cell’s composition.

A gas molecule that is made up of three oxygen atoms (O3). The ___ layer in the atmosphere blocks most ultraviolet radiation from reaching the Earth’s surface which decreases health issues that could be caused by the sun.

Ozone

The ability of an organism (or cell) to seek and keep a condition of stability within its internal environment when dealing with external changes. (keep a balance)

Homeostasis

One of the 5 factors for Planet life There needs to be an acceptable temperature range to support life = -15°C to 115°C

Temperature

One of the 5 factors for Planet life Access to liquid water on a regular basis

Water

One of the 5 factors for Planet life Gasses to insulate the planet from UV radiation (like ozone) and provide chemicals for building cells (nitrogen, carbon…). (remember that gravity holds an atmosphere to the planet)

Atmosphere

One of the 5 factors for Planet life An energy source must be available (either light - sun OR chemical – sulfur, iron OR heat).

Energy

One of the 5 factors for Planet life It needs to be a solid planet that has a way of cycling nutrients (such as volcanoes or plate tectonics).

Nutrients

Adaptation, Carbon-based Biochemistry, Response to Stimuli, Energy & Metabolism, Organization, Composed of Cells, Growth & Development, Reproduction, and Homeostasis.

The 9 Characteristics of Life

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