SCOTTISH TOPIC Flashcards

Question

2. Lithuanians - How they were treated when they arrived in Scotland

Answer 1

At the beginning, the Lithuanians were not welcomed and the Scots distrusted them. Many Scots thought they were 'strikebreakers'. And drive down the wages in the mines. This did not last long, as the Lithuanians joined the unions and in 1912 went on strike too! This showed they were loyal to the Scottish workers. This helped to strengthen the relationships between the Scottish and Lithuanians.

Answer 2

Lithuanians were mainly Catholic, this could lead to discrimination from Protestant Scots. Scots accused Lithuanians of lacking in 'moral fibre' and 'indulging in too much heavy drinking'. This led from the misunderstanding of the Lithuanian tradition of having weddings, birthdays and festivals that went on for days.

Answer 3

Like Jews, Lithuanians were able to establish strong distinct communities. They opened businesses and shops, published newspapers in their native language, held dances and concerts and attended church. They tended to live in the same cluster of streets and spoke their own language at home.

Answer 4

Lithuanians started to change their surnames to ones that sounded 'more Scottish' like Black or Smith. Many Lithuanians married into Scottish families. Second Generation Lithuanians began to go into Higher Education. By 1920 Lithuanians could be split into 2 groups: -Those who returned to Russia -Those who settled fully into Scottish life

Answer 5

During the First World War, in July 1917 all Lithuanian males aged 18-40 were faced with the decision to be conscripted into the British Army or go home and fight for Russia. The majority returned to Russia, and a few returned, but the loss of these men had massive impacts on the communities they had set up in Scotland. Italians Between 1891 and 1901 around 25% of immigrants were from Italy. Escaping poverty and famine using Scotland as a stopover to america. Many stayed in Scotland and by 1914 there were 4500. Many settled in Glasgow, Edinburgh and Aberdeen

Answer 6

Italian immigrants worked in the catering trade; setting up ice cream parlours and fish and chip shops. 'Pokey hats' (ice cream cones) were introduced by Italians and are now embedded in Scottish culture.

Answer 7

Scots dominated the Hudson Bay Company, whose trading ports stretched for thousands of miles into what was to become known as Canada. Trading mainly in furs, many Scots made their fortunes in the Company, including Orcadians who were often recruited because of their experience in trapping animals. Scots also were dominant in: -Textiles -Furniture Making -Paper -Sugar -Oil -Steel and Iron -Bakeries By the end of the century, one third of the Canadian business elite was of Scottish origin despite the fact that first Generation Scots only made up 16% of population.

Answer 8

Most Scots, many of them Highlanders forced off their land during the Clearances, made their way to Canada for the land and agricultural opportunities. There were vast plains on which to raise crops and cattle, and the skills they had learned in Scotland helped them. The biggest impact on the Canadian Economy in this Period was the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway. It spanned almost 6000 km (3700 miles) and connected areas of Canada that had previously been cut off from each other. Many of Canada's banks were started by Scots. 1817= Bank of Montreal 1832= Bank of Nova Scotia.

Answer 9

In Education, Scots set up schools and universities. 1818= George Ramsey, 9th Earl of Dalhousie, set up Dalhousie University. 1821= McGill University set up using money from James McGill, a Glaswegian. 1827= University of Toronto set up by James Strachan.

Answer 10

Scots took their religion with them, both Protestant and Catholic religions to Canada, setting up churches and charities that became the centres of their communities.

Answer 11

Along with other Europeans, Scots met the native peoples when working with the Hudson Bay Company. Through trade, the native peoples developed close relationships with Europeans, which soon led to intermarriage between the two groups. The next generation of people were known as the Metis these were children with both native american/Canadina and European Blood and heratige.

Answer 12

Scots made an immediate impact in Australia, working in remote settlements in the outback. Here they were farmers and made their own towns. They brought new farming techniques with them and soon were successful Many Scots tried their luck in the Gold Rush of the 1850s. Although not all struck gold, many chose to settle in these areas and work in the coal mines and other growing industries. Scots were also dominant in various other industries and businesses: Finance, Engineering, Shipping, Coal Mining, Sugar, Manufacturing

Answer 13

Scots brought many things with them, such as: Scottish societies Burns Clubs Some regions have their own tartan. Australian songs written by Scots Waltzing Matilda Advance Australia Fair

Answer 14

Scots abroad (Australia) - Education (3) Scottish people were responsible to modernising the Australian education system. Head of teacher training in 1892 was James Semple Kerr, a Scot. Scots set up schools across the country, e.g. Melbourne Academy which became known as the 'Scotch College'.

Answer 15

Born in Melrose, Scotland.Australia's first female political candidateFirst female Journalist During her lifetime she was called 'Australia's greatest woman' for her political efforts and writing

Answer 16

Scots who arrived found themselves in conflict with the native people, the Aborigines. These people had lived in Australia for thousands of years and resented now being limited by farms and 'ownership'. There are examples of good relations between Scots and Aborigines. Francis Armstrong learned the language and culture. John and Alec Mortimer stood up for Aboriginal rights. Some Scots married Aborigines, and now some tribes today have surnames like Campbell and Cameron.

Answer 17

The Hornet Bank Massacre In 1854, the Fraser family from Scotland built a sheep and cattle farm in Hornet Bank in Queensland. It spread into Aboriginal territory. In rage of being attacked and told to move, the aborigines killed the Fraser family and 3 other white Europeans. William Fraser, who was away at the time, killed around 100 Aborigines in retaliation and hunted down the tribe that had killed his family. That tribe was wiped out.

Answer 18

Many struggled to make ends meet, so they migrated temporarily: -girls from Betty-Hill traveled to wick for the herring industry during the summer -Navvies worked by hand using picks and shovels. They lived in huts and some payed less to sleep on the floor. Many died in accidents due to it being a dangerous job.

Answer 19

Every Scot aged 5-13 had the right to a education. No schools in rural highland areas meant that many left to give their children an education

Answer 20

They lived in 'black houses', stone walls and turfed or thatched roofs, didn't have windows or chimneys, houses go black with soot from fires. These houses were shared with animals and people. Diseases were common and spread easily (such as typhus which spread by lice, fleas or internal bleeding)

Answer 21

Between 1830 and 1939, opportunities opened in the British Empire (Canada, Austalia and New Zealand). The government employed emigration agents all over Scotland. They offered free or cheap land and passage. As literacy rates grew in Scotland, more people were able to read the posters. Many early settlers were Scottish. Some where docters, engineres and merchants. Mid 19th Century Lowland emigrants were often skilled craftsmen and farmers. By the 20th century skilled craftsmen were the largest category of those who left Scotland.

Answer 22

Scotland was a 'Protestant' country, Irish were Catholic was a significant problem Catholics and Protestants followed the same 'God, Jesus' but had diffrent religious practices Irish Catholics were openly discriminated against in the work place (lower pay for the Catholic Irish) Scots were worried that Irish Catholics would take thier jobs and lower pays/wages

Answer 23

Poor Irish Catholics lived in slums because of the cheap rent. Distinct Irish Communities developed in the slums of Glasgow and Dundee, there were terrible sanitation and overcrowding leading to out brakes in typhus and cholera Living conditions: run down buildings, trash and waste outside homes, smashed windows, open drains, washing hanging between houses. Poor education meant low literacy levels which meant there was little hope that they would gain better paying jobs to leave the slums. Part of their wages went on gambeling and alcohol, Scots looked down on them and blamed them for poor economic circumstances.

Answer 24

These foods became very popular with working classes as they were cheap and filling. As incomes in Scotland rose between 1880-1920, Scottish people were happy to spend money in these parlours. They were places that Scots could meet late in the evening when other businesses were closed.

Answer 25

Scottish people did not see Italians as a threat for jobs as, like Jews, they were self employed. Scots clearly enjoyed the Italian cafe cultures and food. There is evidence of discrimination, prejudice and name calling, due to many Italians being Catholic, but there is very little documented evidence.

Answer 26

GOOD Others saw the ice cream parlour as a good alternative to public houses, preferring the young to eat ice cream than drink. BAD Because of the 'late night nature', some Scots claimed the parlours were immoral and that they encouraged the young to get together and misbehave. For these Scots, many of whom were religious, the fact that the Italian establishments opened on a Sunday also made their existence unacceptable

Answer 27

So was there assimilation? Assimilation very slow and with a distinct culture being kept. NO Italians worked long hours that didn't allow them to socialise a great deal with Scots outside work. Also, at home Italian was spoken, food was Italian and children were expected to marry within the Italian community. Many families sent money home and there was a feeling for some that they would always return 'home' YES Some second generation Italians may have adapted their names to sound more Scottish, turning Giuseppe into 'Joe'.

Answer 28

Scottish people did not see Italians as a threat for jobs as, like Jews, they were self employed. Scots clearly enjoyed the Italian cafe cultures and food. There is evidence of discrimination, prejudice and name calling, due to many Italians being Catholic, but there is very little documented evidence.

Answer 29

Between 1891 and 1901 around 25% of immigrants were from Italy. They were escaping poverty and famine using Scotland as a stopover to America. But many ended up staying in Scotland. They mostly settled in Glasgow, Edinburgh and Aberdeen

Answer 30

Irish Catholics came to Scotland in large numbers during the potato famine of 1845-51, although arriving in smaller numbers before this. They were escaping extreme poverty and poor living conditions. They arrived to Scotland illiterate and often ridden with diseases.

Answer 31

The Scots had harsh stereotypes on the Irish Catholics, such as: - Insular - Drunk - Poor - Uneducated - Dirty - Disease ridden

Answer 32

The hearts of Irish communities was the Catholic church. It helped set up clubs, football teams, and schools. In the 1860's there were only 2 churches and 3 schools, but by 1870 there was double as many. MARRIGE Irish Catholics didn't agree with inter-marrige between religions. This is why in Greenock in 1851 there was 80.6% of marrige between Irish Catholics And 72.4% in 1891. This shows how while it got better they were still quite set on their ways.

Answer 33

Violence and conflict was a part of the Catholic Irish experience in Scotland. Certain areas of glasgow were out of bounds depending on your religion. It was not unusuall to see batteles between Catholics and Protestants. A protestant church published a pamphlet called "The menace of the Irish race to our Scottish Nationality" this made it very hard to assimilate into scottish society

Answer 34

Jews often run their own businesses, such as: - Bakeries - Butchers - Tailoring shops - Ciggerette factories Some scots did accuse them of running sweatshops and paying low wages, however there is little evidence to back their claims

Answer 35

Most Scots (Many highlanders) forced off their land during, highland clearences made their way to Canada due to the promise of cheap travel and land. But this land was often in terrible condition and owned by the natives. The biggest impact Scots had was building the Canadian Pasific Railway, It spanned almost 6000km and connected areas of land that previously were cut off.

Answer 36

Scots brought many things with them, such as: - Sport of Curling - Highland Societies - Bagpipe playing - Whisky tasting - Ceilidhs - Canadian Army wearing the kilt

Answer 37

As part of the East India trading Company, Scots were heavily involved in exporting jute, timber, coal, sugar, indigo (a dye) and cotton. Many made their fortunes this way, although Scots sent it back home. So not much went into the Indian economy Scots became involved in the tea buissness and helped India surpass China in the tea profit. Scots also helped improve transportation in India by building roads, canals and a railway project. The railway project was set by James Ramsey, Marquis of Dalhousie. A Scots man

Answer 38

Ramsey also made an impact on Indian culture. He banned Suttee, the Hindu practice where a widow would throw herself onto the funeral pyre of her dead husband. He banned Thuggee- a term used to describe an organised group of killers would would attack travellers and strangle them. This made India safer. Ramsey’s views of these practices as immoral and uncivilized may strike us as being fair today, but at the time they were part of his overall view that India needed to be civilized. While Ramsey may have believed he was doing what was best for India, many Indians resented his, and Scottish, interference.

Answer 39

In education, Reverend Alexander Duff established a school in Calcutta in 1830 that taught English. Within a week of opening, it had over 300 applicants and was used as a model for other schools throughout India. Duff founded the University of Calcutta, the first medical school in India, as well as the first girls school in India

Answer 40

In 1857 there was a mutiny in India, when Indian troops serving in the East India Company army rebelled against their British Officers. They were unhappy with British rule and felt their Islamic and Hindu faiths were not respected by British Officers. The Indian Mutiny was crushed by British soldiers, many of whom were commanded by Scottish officers such as General Colin Campbell. Scottish soldiers exacted brutal revenge for the massacre of British civilians in the town of Cawnpore. Some had captured innocent Indian civilians and forced them to lick up the blood of the dead British. In the British army, this may have resulted in the Scottish soldier gaining a reputation for being a fierce and brutal warrior, but it did little to improve relations.

Answer 41

By 1891, approximatly 25% of the UK born population was in New Zealand was Scottish. Lowland Scots were really important to the development of the New Zealand economy. Scots found succes in: - Drapery - Paper-making - Agriculture - Ship Building - Farming

Answer 42

In 1872, The Scottish Education act was passed, this influenced New Zealands Education which was introduced in 1877. This caused a following effect on New Zealand education: - First all girls school opened in 1871 - First university opened in 1869 - First school of medicine in 1875 The head of medicine, John Scot was a Scott Scots also affected New Zealand's food culture by bringing foods like porridge and scones with them.

Answer 43

Scots had an big influence on religion in New Zealand. Because of their influence on religions it also effected holidays. Sots didn't celebrate christmas, so New Years became the most important holiday to New Zealanders. They celabrated New Years to celibrate Scottish culture.

Answer 44

Maori people were decendants of Polynesian settelers from South-East Asia. In 1830s over 100,000 Maori were in New Zealand but there were only 2,000 Europeans. At the beginning Scots had good relationships with the Maori as they had helped them survive the harsh winter in New Zealand between 1848 and 1849 by supplying them with pork and potatoes. The British Government was worried about hoe the settelers were treating the Maori so they signed the treaty of Waitangi. This gave the British the right to rule over the Maori and in turn the Maori were protected. It also gave Maori the right of the land to then sell to settelers through the British Government Problems arose when The need for land went up, It was difficult to figure out who own what land. Because of this it was often that the wrong people got paid for theland and conflict broke out when the Maori weren't happy due to not getting paid. There is evedence of inter-marrying between Scots ans Maori

Answer 45

Irish: As they often took low paid, hard labour jobs, were very important in the building of railways, canals and roads across Scotland. E.g. 2110 Irish worked on Edinburgh/Northern Railway line in fine in 1847. Jews: Involvement in tobacco (no cigarette makers before Jewish moved to Gorbals) and tailoring industries. More commercial than heavy industry. Tended to aim for high skilled work, e.g. medicine Italians: Ice Cream and Fish and Chip shops, developed from the wheelbarrow carts, opening across the country Impact on the Leisure industry in particular. E.g. Nardinis in Largs Lithuanians: Many worked in coal mining industries around Lanarkshire and the lowlands.

Answer 46

Irish: - Huge numbers of migrants grew lowland towns. E.g. Glasgow, Coatbridge, Greenock. - Catholic School system in Scotland - Sporting teams (Celtic/Rangers football club) - Orange Order Lodges - Often joined trade unions and the Labour Party in huge numbers - Prominent in politics, e.g. John Wheatley (born Irish, moved 1876, worked as miner before joining left-wing political groups against conscription and rent rises.) Italians: Encouraged Leisure activities (going for ice cream) and cafe culture. Jews: Jewish communities moving to West End (Glasgow) when they became wealthier. Better dressed Scots , thanks to cheaper tailors Lithuanians: Added multiculture to Scotland with distinct language (although many mixed with Scots)

Answer 47

Before the War many cities in Scotland were able to make a lot of money from the Empire, e.g. Glasgow (called the ‘Second City of the Empire’) and Dundee. But when the war broke out many Scots left to go help. But because they left the empire with their skills and equitment back there it made it easy for parts of the empire to take over those industries. Especially when it became cheaper to manufactre there. for example: Jute was first manufacture in Dundee but it was cheaper to manufactre in in India so all the bussness went there.

Answer 48

A handful of families made huge fortunes from the profits of the export industries that serviced the Empire and beyond. E.g. Scottish businessmen such as Sir Charles Tenant (chemicals), Sir James Peter Coats (cotton thread) and William Weir (coal and iron) were thought to be worth £2 million! Middle class seen to grow in Scotland, as more people were able to make investments across the empire. E.g. By 1860s middle classes grew to 267,300. These people often wanted to live outside the city in affluent suburbs such as Broughty Ferry in Dundee, Lenzie in Glasgow.

SCOTTISH TOPIC Flashcards

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