USA TOPICS Flashcards

Question

1.Economic Fears - After recession

Answer 1

The economy recovered in spectacular fashion throughout the rest of the twenties. The economic boom only allied temporarily with the fears that immigrants were driving down wages and stealing "American" jobs.

Answer 2

-Background -Legal impediments -Popular prejudice -Activities of the KKK -Lack of political influence -Divisions in the black community

Answer 3

By the end of the American Civil War in 1865, slavery had been abolished and black Americans were free. However, over 50 years later black Americans were far from free. By 1918 black Americans faced prejudice, discrimination, segregation and difficulties finding well paid jobs or good housing. Black Americans, especially in "The South" had their lives restricted by laws and fear and violence against them. In 1918 the possibility of gaining civil rights was a long way off. Even in the more liberal North black Americans faced discrimination.

Answer 4

After black Americans had been freed there had been a suggestion that land should be granted to black families but once President Lincoln was assassinated this did not happen, so black people were left to sharecrop - where tenant farmers would pay their landlord in kind and live off the land. For most, this was no better than slavery. Society was not equal. Black Americans faced segregated public services - schools, different taxation, limited voting rights.

Answer 5

When slavery ended former slaves were free. But free to go where and do what? All they had known was farm work. With the abolition of slavery plantation owners would have to pay wages but many could not afford to do so. Workers wanted to work and plantation owners needed workers so sharecropping was adopted. Sharecropping meant that former slaves would be given plots of land to work and would be given seeds and tools and machinery to farm their land...but not for free! At the end of the harvests, the workers would pay their debts by giving a share of their crop to the plantation owner who had given them equipment. It meant that sharecroppers were always in debt so they were seldom free to leave their farms.

Answer 6

Many Presidents did not consider civil rights an important issue. So they adopted the "Separate but equal" Decision of the Supreme Court

Answer 7

In 1868 the Fourteenth Amendment said: That black people should have full civil liberties which included their right to freedom and should be treated by law in the same way as white people. In 1870 the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution said: That no person living in the USA could have the right to vote taken away from them just because of their colour or race.

Answer 8

1892 a black man called Homer Plessy from the southern state of Louisiana, sat on a railway seat reserved for white people. He was asked to move to the black section of the train. He refused and was arrested. Plessy's case went to the Supreme Court Plessy argued that the State of Louisiana had broken the Fourteenth Amendment. The Supreme Court decided that laws that kept races apart did not mean one race was less than. It meant that as long as a black person had something reserved for them then it didn't matter.

Answer 9

Was a name given to all laws passed under the "separate but equal" ruling. Which kept black and white people separate Southern states could make up any Jim Crow law that they wanted. Jim Crow laws tended to follow old legal proceedings known as the Black Codes.

Answer 10

Florida: All marriages between a white person and a black person were prohibited forever. Alabama: Every employer of white or black males had to provide separate toilet facilities. Louisiana: Separate schools would have to be provided for black and white children. Maryland: Every railroad company would have to provide separate coaches/cars for black and white people. Some other facilities were designated as separate such as bus station waiting rooms, restaurants, lunch counters, public parks, public toilets, drinking fountains, cinemas and even graveyards.

Answer 11

He was challenged by black protestors that Jim Crow was unconstitutional. He deemed that segregation was a "benefit" to black people. Many historians have cited that Wilson was in fact a racist and welcomed the rise of white supremacy in the South as he felt that white Southern values had come under threat since the end of slavery. Jim Crow laws characterised the South until the civil rights movement of the 1960s.

Answer 12

An organisation created in the 1860s to terrify newly-freed slaves and stop them claiming their rights as American citizens. By the 1920s it was called the greatest social organisation ever for WASP Americans and had the slogan "100 per cent American". They also claimed to be protecting the American way of life.

Answer 13

Each Klan was led by a man who had the title - Grand Wizard Klan organisations were called Klaverns All members had to be native-born Americans, white and Protestant males. Members could join from the age of 16. No black Americans, Roman Catholics or Jews were allowed to join the Klan. Klan members typically wore robes or sheets and masks topped with pointed hoods.

Answer 14

Anyone (black or white) who advocated equal rights. Anyone believed to be challenging the status quo. Black Americans Jews Roman Catholics Divorced women

Answer 15

Violence and terror Black people could be beaten, tortured or lynched Some black people were mutilated and whipped. Some were even murdered. The KKK would play on their victims superstitions and as a result many of the poorly educated black Americans believed the white robe clad Klan members were white ghosts that had come to kill them. Crosses would be burnt to warn victims that the Klan were on the prowl. Activities took place at night so it was even harder to identify who was behind the attacks.

Answer 16

The Negro was taken to a clearing in the woods. More than five hundred people had each placed a piece of wood against a tree stump which made a pile nearly six feet high. The Negro was chained to the tree stump, beaten and then castrated. The fire was lit and a hundred men and women, young and old, joined hands and danced around the burning Negro. That night a big party was held in a nearby barn.

Answer 17

Klan membership had dwindled towards the end of 1915, however this dramatically changed in 1920 due to: -Increasing unemployment -Arrival of "new" immigrants The Klan attracted judges, lawyers, police officers and politicians. This made convictions almost impossible to achieve. Even high profile cases with evidence proving the involvement of the Klan were thrown out of court.

Answer 18

In 1870 the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution said that no person living in the USA could have the right to vote taken away from them just because of their colour or race.Black people had gained the vote but Southern States used Jim Crow to make it increasingly hard for black Americans to vote in elections.By the 1890s the states in the South had found ways to prevent black men from voting even though they had been given the right to vote after the Civil War.

Answer 19

1898 Mississippi v. Williams ruled that voters must understand the American Constitution but that rule was not applied to white voters.Of course any new law that tried to restrict voting on the basis of owning property or literacy would also take away the rights of poor, illiterate white voters who had no land and could not read or write.Problem solved:by ruling that those whose ancestors (eg grandfathers) had the right to vote before the Civil War could still vote.So poor white men could still vote but black men could not.Most black people in the South were sharecroppers and they did not own land and some states identified ownership of property as a voting qualification.

Answer 20

Did not try to pass civil rights laws because it would gain them no votes from the black community it would lose white votes and possibly endanger their lives.Southern states knew if black people could vote they would elect people who pledged to put a stop to the Jim Crow Laws.

Answer 21

Before you were allowed to vote you had to register. Black Americans would often come up against a literacy test which contained questions such as:How many bubbles in a bar of soap?Another method of excluding black voters was the introduction of a tax black people had to pay which prevented voting as they could not afford to pay the tax.As a last resort white separatists would beat the black people as they made their way to vote.

Answer 22

As the black population spread from the South to the North those in the larger cities seemed to gain political leverage. Some black leaders achieved important political status and were able to apply pressure for change.

Answer 23

Advocated that to make economic progress black people should try to work with and exploit the white power structure. HOWEVER – it became apparent that the white social system was so formidable that separate political movements would have to develop to campaign on the issues unique to black people.

Answer 24

Founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909. NAACP aimed to reduce racial segregation and white supremacy. Believed the answer to achieving this lay in education.By 1919 there were 91000 members.NAACP used moderate tactics. They preferred to challenge Jim Crow through law suits and protests. MAIN SUCCESS: Introduction of Anti-Lynching Bill in Congress in 1922. Passed by House of Representatives. Defeated by Southern Senators before it could become law. However it is estimated that the number of lynchings fell after the bill was debated.

Answer 25

DuBois is not believed to have attracted enough support from poorer black people. He tended to concentrate on the middle class black population. Political influence was somewhat thwarted by lack of support from own people and the continued strength of the whites in American society.

Answer 26

Founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) in 1914. Considered to be too aggressive. Garvey advocated black separatism and “black pride” Advocated that black people in the USA should return to their “African homeland” Might have been an extreme and ultimately unachievable goal. It did however draw the black population together. Gave black people a sense of pride of their race and history which had previously been denied. “Black is beautiful” – resonated especially amongst black urban workers in unskilled, low paid jobs. By 1923 UNIA had attracted 6 million members. The UNIA helped black people start businesses and promoted the belief that separate black enterprise was the best way forward. UNIA could only achieve so much without political support.

Answer 27

…or at least the solutions that were put in place after the depression hit helped to change things for the black population rather than the protest groups. Depression hit black people the hardest as any jobs that were available went to whites – black unemployment was typically up to 60% higher than that of whites.

Answer 28

Policies designed to help the USA out of depression. The New Deal helped black people by providing one million jobs, 50,000 houses, financial assistance and skilled occupation training for 500,000 black youths. HOWEVER – times were still hard and the Federal Government allowed businesses to pay blacks less than whites under the National Recovery Administration (NRA). Some black people were given government jobs but this was controversial as were any policies designed to help both blacks and whites.

Answer 29

Were highly critical of each other and were divided in their aims. NAACP was for integration UNIA was for separation It is noteworthy that in the hard economic times of the early 1920s that the UNIA was the more popular even though many black leaders remained very critical of Garvey.

Answer 30

Garvey disappeared after being convicted of mail fraud and was imprisoned in 1925. He was pardoned in 1927 and deported to Jamaica. He died in London in 1940. UNIA’s “black pride” movement almost collapsed when the Great Depression hit in 1929

Answer 31

just press 5

Answer 32

Many black people remained uninvolved in protests and groups. There was a disparity in the treatment of black people in the Northern and Southern states. Northern blacks – didn’t quite have equal rights with whites but certainly had more freedoms. They could vote Better job opportunities No threat of KKK Northern blacks concentrated on trying to improve their living standards instead of joining either the NAACP or the UNIA.

Answer 33

Ultimately divisions in between the North and the South perpetuated divisions in the black community Increased job opportunities led to divisions of class among black people. A black working class emerged. A new black middle class emerged Experienced improvements in healthcare and education as well as social and economic progress. Some black people in the North were able to run their own businesses successfully. Success of some black people in the North fostered resentment among the black working classes. Made further divisions within the black community.

Answer 34

-Republican government policies in the 1920s -overproduction of goods and underconsumption -weaknesses of the US banking system; -international economic problems; -the Wall Street Crash.

Answer 35

In the 1920s, US President Coolidge said: ‘The Business of America is business.’ The USA was the richest country in the world and for many Americans the boom years of the 1920s were set to last forever. Nevertheless, the image of a prosperous young country in which poverty did not exist hid uncomfortable realities. When the economy collapsed in 1929 it was seen just how fragile the boom had been.

Answer 36

The Republican administration’s policy of laissez-faire meant that the economy grew unrestricted by government intervention but also when hard times came the government did very little to help. The government failed to help farmers who did not benefit from the 1920s boom. Low capital gains tax encouraged share speculation which resulted in the Wall Street Crash. The Depression was also due to the actions – or inactions – of President Hoover.

Answer 37

Businesses were essentially unregulated and businessmen were left to create jobs and decide wages. The Republican Presidents of the 1920s greatly supported business and the stock market and President Coolidge firmly believed that Federal policies should focus on the principle that business should be allowed to operate as far as possible unrestricted by regulation.

Answer 38

Restored free enterprise in 1920 – the government was no longer to control the economy as it had done during the wartime periods. The Republicans sought to balance the budget and spent as little as possible on public services and spent as little as possible on public services Andrew Mellon cut spending from $6.4bollion to $2.9 billion in seven years. The Fordney-McCumber Act led to strict tariff barriers being imposed on foreign imports. This amde it difficult for fotgin busnesses. Tax reductions were afforded to high earners and businesses, giving more incentive to make their business a success. Credit was given out to large businesses to encourage expansion. – credit totalled $3.5 billion by 1929. Attempts to reduce government spending meant that law enforcement and regulation of businesses barely existed. Businesses could do what they wanted, not always adhering to an ethical code – child labour in the South.

Answer 39

Only a wealthy minority of the US population could afford the new consumer goods that rolled off factory production lines. New mass-production methods and mechanisation meant that production of consumer goods had expanded enormously. Cars, radios and other electrical goods had flooded the market and more were being made than people could buy. If factories could not sell what they made, they would have to stop, and pay off their workers, thus creating unemployment. Mass production was only successful when there was mass consumption. By 1929 those who could afford consumer goods had already bought them so the market became saturated.

Answer 40

Henry Ford produced the Model T car with the aim that any family earning a reasonable income could have one. As production rose, prices fell and Model Ts went from $850 in 1914 to $295 in 1918. Demand was high and Ford could employ thousands of people and pay them well. So it helped crate jobs as roads, petrol, steel and rubber were needed.

Answer 41

Household items like radios, washing machines and refrigerators were popular with a new industry, advertising, encouraging people to believe they needed the latest model. By 1929, about 160 million electrical goods items were being sold per year. Ultimately, though by 1929 there were too many goods being made and too few buyers.

Answer 42

Not everyone could afford to update their car or refrigerator as frequently as manufacturers wanted them too In the motor industry, competition from General Motors and Chrysler meant there was more choice and availability of cars than there were people to buy them. Once everyone had the latest product, market consumption inevitably slowed down.

Answer 43

By encouraging expansion of big business and unregulated credit, government policy did not take into consideration that most businesses cannot grow exponentially without consequences. There comes a point where people cannot afford to borrow more money or buy every new product offered.

Answer 44

There was a lack of acknowledgement by the government that when production of goods had to be halted there was a lack of alternatives in the job market, so people began to lose their jobs. When the Depression hit – the amount of money in circulation fell dramatically which exacerbated the problem. Had the government taxed the rich and redistributed the wealth then it is possible that businesses and employment could have been given a helping hand.

Answer 45

Throughout the 1920s business had benefited from low tax policies. The result of this was that the bottom 40 per cent of the population received only 12.5 per cent of the nation’s wealth. In contrast, the top 5 per cent owned 33 per cent of the nation’s wealth. Therefore, domestic demand never kept up with production.

Answer 46

By the end of the 1920s it was clear the market for new consumer goods was saturated. Those that wanted the goods now had them. The rest of America was too poor to afford them. In 1929 President Hoover said, ‘we in America today are nearer to the final triumph over poverty than ever before in the history of any land’. But one year earlier, in 1928, it was estimated that 42% of Americans did not earn enough to buy adequate food, clothing or shelter.

Answer 47

There was a ‘land boom’ in the early part of the 1920s, Florida being the perfect example. The middle classes began to buy up available land to help secure holiday and retirement homes. Land seemed to hold high value and large profits could be made – people who bough land for $25 in 1900 were able to sell them for $150,000 25 years later. However, this boom had significantly subsided by 1926.

Answer 48

Characterised the time period before the Great Depression. People invested in the stock market with blind faith that it would return a sure-fire profit. For years it seemed that stocks and shares in businesses were only ever on the rise and it was an easy way to make money. People borrowed money to invest believing there would be no issue repaying the loan.

Answer 49

America over-produced food and this meant that prices fell. The government would not guarantee prices and farmers therefore would not cut their production for fear of being undercut by other farmers. High levels of cheap food production in the towns and cities meant that farmers struggled to compete. Farmers and rural workers experienced higher levels of poverty than those who worked in the towns and could not afford to buy the food made in the cities. In 1930 there was one million fewer farmers than there had been in 1920.

Answer 50

There was a great belief that the government should not interfere in people’s lives and on the surface it seemed that all was well – Herbert Hoover advocated ‘rugged individualism’: no government interference. It would appear that from 1926 the signs that the boom would end were all present, even if they were to be ignored. It is often forgotten that about 6 million families (42% of the population) lived below the poverty line

Answer 51

There was no regulation of US banks. This essentially meant the banks could do what they wanted. Many banks were small and acted in their own interests. Further, there was a progressive abandonment of the Gold Standard in the USA. (value of currency was fixed by a ratio to the amount of the country’s gold reserves)

Answer 52

People were encouraged to take out loans to buy the new consumer goods and to speculate on the stock market. Estimated that ¾ of all cars sold were sold on credit as were ½ of all household appliances. By 1929, $7 billion of goods were sold on credit. Banks gave out loans easily and almost everyone was in debt.

Answer 53

About the sustainability of this. Bankers in the pre-Depression era did not adequately quantify the risks. Moreover, some historians state that it was the weaknesses of the European banks that has a knock-on effect on the US banks. The US banks had given out loans to Europe and Europe struggled to pay them back. This decreased the value of US money and contributed to the collapse of the banks in the early 1930s.

Answer 54

The First World War had a big impact on the European economies. All European states, except Britain, placed tariffs, or taxes, on imported goods. This is called protectionism. When the USA tried to protect US businesses from foreign competition by putting tariffs on imported goods, foreign countries simply placed tariffs on American exports so there was no benefit from protectionism.

Answer 55

New laws such as the Fordney McCumber law created a system of economic protection. Protection meant raising taxes on imports to America in order to make them more expensive to buy than American products so that Americans would choose to buy American-made products. In theory, consumption of American goods would rise and that would solve the problem of overproduction. In reality protectionism made the US economy worse. Foreign countries were angered by America’s raising of tariff barriers so they raised taxes on American goods arriving in their country.

Answer 56

When Germany struggled to pay back loans in the late 1920s, America simply applied more pressure on them. Some historians think this was at the heart of the economic problem – America could only do so well on its own for so long through policies like protectionism. A prospering world economy would have to be in place for the boom to continue. If other countries were struggling – it was only a matter of time before the USA was too.

Answer 57

People had been so confident of ever-increasing stock prices that it came as a great shock. Investors began to panic sell and share prices fell dramatically. The stock price of General Electric fell about 15% in one morning. By the end of the day the panic selling had set in again and just shy of 13 million shares had been sold at falling prices. The average number of shares bought/sold each day was about four million.

Answer 58

Some bankers stepped in and bought large numbers of shares but over the weekend the market fell even further and when Wall Street opened again on Monday Morning no bankers would step in to rescue the situation. On Tuesday, 29 October, $14 000 million in profit was wiped out in one day. The bubble had burst!

Answer 59

Stocks had to be sold off at low prices so people could get money to pay their debtors – the banks and creditors wanting their money back immediately. The fall in stock prices meant that people were selling for much less that they had bought and often this would not cover what they owed in debt. People lost their homes and possessions as banks tried to reclaim any money they could.

Answer 60

Individuals and businesses lost billions – life savings were wiped in an instant. Banks collapsed – no new loans were given out. Unemployment spiralled from 3.2% in 1929 to 25.2% by 1932 – almost 13 million people. Heavily industrialised areas were hit hard – 1 million out of work in New York alone in 1932 European countries reliant on American money plunged into depression.

Answer 61

People had been so confident of ever-increasing stock prices that it came as a great shock. Investors began to panic sell and share prices fell dramatically. The stock price of General Electric fell about 15% in one morning. By the end of the day the panic selling had set in again and just shy of 13 million shares had been sold at falling prices. The average number of shares bought/sold each day was about four million. Some bankers stepped in and bought large numbers of shares but over the weekend the market fell even further and when Wall Street opened again on Monday Morning no bankers would step in to rescue the situation. On Tuesday, 29 October, $14 000 million in profit was wiped out in one day. Stocks had to be sold off at low prices so people could get money to pay their debtors – the banks and creditors wanting their money back immediately. The fall in stock prices meant that people were selling for much less that they had bought and often this would not cover what they owed in debt. People lost their homes and possessions as banks tried to reclaim any money they could.

Answer 62

Individuals and businesses lost billions – life savings were wiped in an instant. Banks collapsed – no new loans were given out. Unemployment spiralled from 3.2% in 1929 to 25.2% by 1932 – almost 13 million people. Heavily industrialised areas were hit hard – 1 million out of work in New York alone in 1932 European countries reliant on American money plunged into depression.

Answer 63

President Hoover stated “We have increased home ownership; we have expanded the investment of the average man … The job of every man and woman has been more secure. We have in this short period reduced the fear of poverty, the fear of unemployment.” Hoover had only been President since the start of the year. He seemed to cling onto the hope that recovery was just around the corner. Even though he knew this was the worst economic crisis to hit America.

Answer 64

- Aims of the civil rights movement - roles of NAACP, CORE, SCLC - role of Martin Luther King - changes in federal policy - social, economic and political changes - rise of black radical movements

Answer 65

By 1965 it seemed to many white Americans that civil rights for black Americans had been achieved. The Voting Rights Act had followed an effective Civil Rights Act. Nevertheless, in 1964 and in the long hot summers that followed over the next four years, US cities erupted in race violence. The protests of the civil rights movement had been successful in removing discrimination and segregation in the South but how far had life really improved for all black Americans, especially in the northern cities, by 1968?

Answer 66

CORE - the Congress of Racial Equality. NAACP – National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People SCLC – Southern Christian Leadership Conference SNCC – Student National Coordinating Committee

Answer 67

The main aims of the civil rights movement were to end radical discrimination and segregation against black Americans and gain equal constitutional voting rights with white people. In addition, the movement wanted better social and economic conditions for black people and fairer employment opportunities. The key feature of the movement was that, following the leadership of Martin Luther King, the protests were to take the form of civil disobedience and non-violent protest.

Answer 68

The two key events that kick-started the nationwide civil rights campaigns were Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 and the Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955.

Answer 69

In Topeka, Kansas, Linda Brown’s father Oliver Brown decided she should not have to travel to a separate school for black children when there was a ‘whites only’ school closer to home. The NAACP helped Oliver Brown to take the case to the Supreme Court. The decision by the Supreme Court to overturn the ‘separate but equal’ decision it had made 60 years earlier marked a watershed for civil rights. However, it did not stop segregation, and white mobs and the Ku Klux Klan continued to attack both black and white Americans who supported desegregation.

Answer 70

Rosa Parks was from Montgomery, Alabama. In December 1955 she made history when she refused to give up her seat to a white man on a segregated bus. Parks was arrested and charged with violating the segregation laws of Alabama. It had been a preconceived plan by the NAACP of which Parks was, and continued to be, an active member.

Answer 71

The bus boycott of Baton Rouge in 1953 had highlighted the power of civil disobedience. The NAACP had already pointed out to the Mayor of Montgomery that 75% of bus users were black and that an active boycott could damage bus companies’ profits. The arrest of Parks was the publicity the NAACP needed to launch the Montgomery bus boycott, one of the first major coordinated acts of civil disobedience in the civil rights movement. The boycott was extremely effective and, as planned, forced the buses to desegregate or go out of business. The boycott lasted just over a year and its success proved the economic power of the black population.

Answer 72

- The NAACP campaigned for racial equality. They used legal challenges, public awareness campaigns, ect. -They managed to end segregation in schools They were behind: - The Little Rock, Arkansas, 1957 - The March on Washington, 1963

Answer 73

Core used nonviolent tactics to try to gain racial equality and integration. And they achived significant progress to the civil rights movement. They were behind: - The Freedom Rides 1961

Answer 74

They advocated for full equality towards African Americans using nonviolent tactics The SCLC managed to Achieve the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 They were behind: - The Sit-Ins in 1960 -The Birmingham in Alabama, in 1963 - The March on Washington, 1963

Answer 75

Martin Luther King Jr. was an American baptist minister who advocated for black rights. He often organised and spoke at large nonviolent protest events. Like the March on Washington. He became very well known for his speeches and his massive contributions to the civil rights movement. He was the leader of that movement for a while until he had died.

Answer 76

Passed by President Eisenhower Stated there would be a Civil Rights Commission Vowed to support black Americans if they went to court because they could not vote freely. This was a step in the right direction. It acknowledged that Southern States could not ignore Federal law. On the other hand – it did not award true civil and voting rights to all black Americans. Eisenhower was wary of passing any Civil Rights Act – did not want to alientate voters in the South.

Answer 77

Legislated that discrimination on the basis of race in public spaces in the USA was banned. Employers could not discriminate on race, national origin, religion or sex if they employed over 25 employees. Justice Department could take a state to court if discrimination continued.

Answer 78

Followed further protests. Protests took place in Selma, Alabama. - The events were televised. - Protestors were beaten, trampled on by horses and MLK was arrested. - Voting rights came to Federal Attention. Act abolished literacy tests and checks on poll tax payments of black people. The number of voters increased substantially - Alabama 1960 – 66,000 1966 – 250,000

Answer 79

Despite the progress… It would be 10 more years before an African American won a state election in the South. Further – as black populations moved to the cities in the North the white population moved to the suburbs. This was known as “White Flight” and proved the continuation of discrimination. Black incomers experienced poorer housing and education. They relied more on welfare due to fewer employment opportunities.

Answer 80

As well as the Civil Rights Acts there were further changes made to try and make a more equal society. Marriage laws to allow interracial marriage were passed. There was to be no discrimination when it came to buying or renting houses.

Answer 81

1967 – Edward William Brooke took office as Senator for Massachusetts 1967 – Thurgood Marshall appointed American Supreme Court judge. Black people had a fairer chance of representation in court The armed forces were desegregated. - Black people held prominent positions in the army.

Answer 82

Educational success was limited - 58% of Southerners were still in segregated schools in 1968 - This reduced by 10% in 1972 but it took Supreme Court decisions to achieve this. Continuing inequality in unemployment. Black unemployment was often 7 to 12 per cent higher than white unemployment.

Answer 83

This did improve overall - Incomes doubled in the 1960s - Black middle class grew rapidly - However, black wages were still to remain typically about 60% of the average white wage.

Answer 84

Still existed on transport in some parts of the South. Especially in Alabama.

Answer 85

Race riots were seen in the North and South. 1963 – strikes in Harlem 1965 – race riots in the Watt Ghetto, LA. Alternate leaders started to emerge in the North. Many did not feel Martin Luther King represented their struggle.

Answer 86

Non-participants in peaceful protests felt progress was too slow. Also felt black and white would never be considered equal. They began to support black separatism.

Answer 87

Born Malcolm Little but changed to “X” as a sign he’d rejected his slave name. His father was murdered when he was young – possibly by the KKK. His father followed the teachings of Marcus Garvey and the idea of separatism. Malcolm spent time in prison and learned about the Nation of Islam. He was critical of Martin Luther King. Split from the Nation of Islam in 1963. he went to the Middle East and discovered Muslims from all racial backgrounds which changed his views on racism. He was murdered in 1965.

Answer 88

Based in New York President of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) He was frustrated with the slow progress of the Civil Rights Movement . Started to advocate for the use of violence. Coined the phrase “Black Power” Said – he wasn’t waiting for whites to give black people civil rights. “Non-violent” was changed to “National” By 1968 Carmichael was leading the Black Panthers and H. Rapp Brown.

Answer 89

Started by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale. There was a branch in most cities by 1968 They supported violent protest and use of guns for self-defence Huey Newton said “what good is non-violence when the police are determined to rule by fore?” The Panthers slogan was “BLACK POWER” In ghettos they did the following: - Organised breakfast clubs - Gave out free clothing - Provided free healthcare - They tried to improve crime rates and drug abuse.

Answer 90

There was regular violence between the Panthers and law enforcement. They were under constant FBI surveillance The FBI antagonised the Panthers deliberately in an attempt to cause infighting. This had a Lasting effect By the 1970s the Black Panthers no longer existed, Attempts to promote “Black Power” and their violent methods had never been fully supported by a majority of black people. OVERALL... The existence of the Nation of Islam and the Black Panthers proved not all black Americans supported non-violent methods. - Slow progress of civil rights - Continuing racism fuelled feelings of discontent among black and white Americans.

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