Script Study Questions - Long Answers Flashcards
(48 cards)
What are Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development?
- Sensorimotor (0–2 years)
- Preoperational (2–7 years)
- Concrete operational (7–11 years)
- Formal operational (12+ years)
These stages guide how children acquire and apply knowledge.
What are the stages in the information-processing framework of human memory?
The three stages are:
1. Sensory memory: Briefly holds sensory input/external stimuli.
2. Short-term memory (STM): Temporarily stores selected, limited information (5–9 items).
3. Long-term memory (LTM): Stores information indefinitely through encoding.
What role does attention play in perception and memory?
Attention is a crucial factor in learning and cognition. It filters stimuli so only relevant information reaches STM and it directs cognitive resources to important stimuli.
Divided attention increases cognitive load and reduces effectiveness.
What is classical conditioning?
Classical conditioning is learning by association, demonstrated by Pavlov’s experiment with dogs salivating at the sound of a bell.
What are the key components of operant conditioning?
Reinforcement increases behavior.
- Positive reinforcement: Adding a pleasant stimulus/reward to increase behavior
- Negative reinforcement: Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase behavior
Punishment decreases behavior.
- Positive punishment: Adding an unpleasant stimulus to decrease behavior
- Negative punishment: Removing a pleasant/desirable stimulus to decrease behavior
Operant conditioning is a learning theory introduced by behaviorist B.F. Skinner.
What is the spacing effect?
The spacing effect shows that distributed learning/repeated exposure to material over increasing intervals improves long-term retention.
What causes forgetting in the information-processing model?
- Decay: Memory fades over time.
- Interference: New or old information disrupts retrieval.
- Lack of retrieval cues.
What are the three psychological needs/key components in Self-Determination Theory (SDT)?
SDT states that motivation is driven by:
1. Competence: Feeling effective/capaple.
2. Autonomy: Having control over actions.
3. Relatedness: Feeling connection to others.
How do emotions influence behavior?
Emotions trigger physiological, cognitive, and behavioral responses, influencing judgment and decision-making.
What is attribution theory?
Attribution theory explains how people interpret causes of behavior, distinguishing between internal (dispositional) and external (situational) attributions (also: correspondent inference theory)
What did Asch’s conformity experiments demonstrate? What was the key factor?
Participants conformed to a group’s incorrect answer, showing normative social influence. The key factor in his experiment was social acceptance/avoiding rejection.
What are examples of prosocial behavior?
Helping, sharing, volunteering.
What did Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment show?
Children imitated aggression observed in adults, demonstrating observational learning.
How does exposure to media violence influence behavior and aggression?
Short-term:
* Increases aggression
* Primes aggressive thoughts
* Increases arousal which leads to immediate aggression
Long-term:
* Observational learning
* Desensitizes individuals to real-world violence, making violence and aggression seem normal
What are the four key steps in problem-solving according to cognitive psychology?
- Understanding the problem.
- Generating a plan.
- Carrying out the plan.
- Evaluating results.
What is spaced repetition?
Spaced repetition involves reviewing material/information at gradually increasing intervals to improve long-term retention.
What is divergent thinking?
the ability to generate multiple novel solutions to a problem (e.g. brainstorming)
What is convergent thinking?
A person’s capability to integrate various existing sources of information and apply them to solve a problem.
How do social contexts influence motivation, according to SDT?
Supportive environments that encourage autonomy, competence, and relatedness increase motivation.
How do cultural differences affect emotional expression?
Display rules vary by culture, influencing how emotions are expressed.
How does attachment influence adult relationships?
Secure attachment in infancy/childhood leads to healthier adult relationships; insecure attachment can cause issues.
What did Milgram’s obedience experiment reveal?
Participants administered what they believed were dangerous shocks when instructed by an authority figure. This shows that people are likely to obey authority figures, even against their morals.
How can prosocial behavior be encouraged in society?
- Education on empathy and social responsibility
- Highlighting injunctive norms
- Making helping easy and rewarding
Example: Public campaigns showing the benefits of volunteering.
What is the two-factor theory of work motivation?
- Motivators lead to satisfaction (task- and duty-related elements that influence people’s positive attitudes)
- Hygiene factors prevent dissatisfaction (environment-related elements that affect people’s negative attitudes toward work conditions)
