SDH & NGSDH

Question 1

In North America and Japan, the primary rate is __ Mbit/s
1) 1.5 Mbit/s
2) 2 Mbit/s
3) 8 Mbit/s
4) 34 Mbit/s

Answer 1

1.5 Mbit/s

Question 2

The analog telephone signal is sampled at a bandwidth of ____ kHz, quantized and encoded and then transmitted at a bit rate of ___kbit/s.
1) 3.1 kHz, 16kbit/s.
2) 4 kHz, 16kbit/s.
3) 3.1 kHz, 64kbit/s.
4) 4 kHz, 64kbit/s.

Answer 2

3.1 kHz, 64kbit/s.

Question 3

primary rate is used throughout the world
1) 1024 kbit/s
2) 2048 kbit/s

Answer 3

2048 kbit/s

Question 4

Only the USA, Canada and Japan use a primary rate of ___ kbit/s, formed by combining __ .
1) 1544 kbit/s, combining 24 channels
2) 2048 kbit/s, combining 30 channels

Answer 4

1544 kbit/s, combining 24 channels instead of 30.

Question 5

PDH is based on ___.
1) TDM
2) PCM
3) FDM

Answer 5

PCM

Question 6

PDH transmission capacity upto
1) 34 Mbit/s.
2) 140 Mbit/s.
3) 155 Mbit/s.

Answer 6

140 Mbit/s.

Question 7

The PDH systems belong to the ______ generation of digital terrestrial
telecommunication systems in commercial use.
1) first
2) second
3) third

Answer 7

first generation

Question 8

Multiplexing of 2 Mbit/s to 140 Mbit/s requires two intermediate multiplexing stages of __ Mbit/s and ___ Mbit/s.
1) 8 Mbit/s and 16 Mbit/s.
2) 8 Mbit/s and 34 Mbit/s.
3) 16 Mbit/s and 34 Mbit/s.

Answer 8

8 Mbit/s and 34 Mbit/s.

Question 9

Multiplexing of 2 Mbit/s to 140 Mbit/s
requires multiplex equipment known as __, ___ and ___ order multiplexer
1) 1st, 2nd and 3rd
2) 2nd, 3rd and 4th
3) 3rd, 4th and 5th

Answer 9

2nd, 3rd and 4th

Question 10

SDH transmission capacity achieved up to
1) 2.5 Gbit/s
2) 10 Gbit/s
3) 40 Gbit/s

Answer 10

40 Gbit/s

Question 11

The network provider can use standardized network elements that can be controlled and monitored from a central location by means of a ________ system.
1) SNMP
2) TMN

Answer 11

telecommunications network
management (TMN) system.

Question 12

SDH supports the transmission of existing PDH payloads, other than ___Mbit/s
1) 2Mbit/s
2) 8Mbit/s
3) 34Mbit/s
1) 140Mbit/s

Answer 12

8Mbit/s

Question 13

Time period for one frame of SDH
1) 8 micro seconds
2) 125 micro seconds
1) 1000 micro seconds

Answer 13

125 micro seconds ( (time for 1
byte in 64 k bit per second))

Question 14

SDH has _________ frames per second
1) 2048
2) 4096
3) 8000
4) 125

Answer 14

8000

Question 15

G.707 makes a distinction between ______ and ________
1) POH and RSOH
2) POH and MSOH
3) RSOH and MSOH

Answer 15

RSOH and MSOH

Question 16

There are still some ______ Overhead bytes transmitted as part of the payload in a network and these bytes are mainly used for the monitor, management and control of the path performance.
1) RSOH
2) POH
3) MSOH
4) AU

Answer 16

Path Overhead (POH)

Question 17

_______ is a kind of indicator, mainly used to indicate the accurate position of the first byte of information payload in the STM-N frame
1) RSOH
2) POH
3) MSOH
4) AU

Answer 17

Administrative Unit Pointer (AU-PTR)

Question 18

AU-PTR is located at the ______ row of 1~9 × N columns in the STM-N frame structure.
1) first
2) second
3) fourth
4) last

Answer 18

fourth row

Question 19

____are used to combine plesiochronous and synchronous input signals into higher bit rate STM-N signals.
1) VC
2) VCG
3) TUG
4) Terminal multiplexers

Answer 19

Terminal multiplexers

Question 20

Integrated Data Transport i.e. Ethernet tributaries in addition to 2Mb - is made possible in NG-SDH using _____
1) GFP
2) VCAT
3) LCAS
4) CCAT

Answer 20

GFP: Generic Framing Procedure

Question 21

Integrated non-blocking, wide-band cross connect (2Mb granularity) - is made possible in NG-SDH using _____
1) GFP
2) VCAT
3) LCAS
4) CCAT

Answer 21

VCAT: Virtual concatenation

Question 22

Dynamic Bandwidth allocation, Intelligence for topology discovery,
route computation and mesh based restoration - is made possible in NG-SDH using _____
1) GFP
2) VCAT
3) LCAS
4) CCAT

Answer 22

LCAS: Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme

Question 23

____ is an all-purpose protocol for encapsulating packet over SONET (POS), ATM, and other Layer 2 traffic on to SONET/SDH networks
1) GFP
2) VCAT
3) LCAS
4) CCAT

Answer 23

GFP: Generic Framing Procedure

Question 24

_____ is most economical way of adopting high speed services, constant bit rate and variable bit rate, in SDH networks and can provide basis for evolving RPR.
1) GFP
2) VCAT
3) LCAS
4) CCAT

Answer 24

GFP: Generic Framing Procedure

Question 25

GFP is defined in ITU-T __________ 1) G.701 2) G.703 3) G.7041

Answer 25

G.7041

Question 26

GFP stands for

Answer 26

Generic Framing Procedure

Question 27

Two types of GFP mechanisms 1) GFP-P 2) GFP-F 3) GFP-V 4) GFP-T

Answer 27

2 and 4 -PDU-oriented known as Frame mapped GFP (GFP-F) -Block-code-oriented known as Transparent GFP (GFP-T)

Question 28

______ is useful for delay sensitive services. 1) GFP-F 2) GFT-T 3) both

Answer 28

GFP-T

Question 29

______ is used for FC, Gigabit Ethernet etc. 1) GFP-F 2) GFT-T 3) both

Answer 29

GFP-T

Question 30

Two concatenation schemes are 1) B-CAT 2) C-CAT 3) V-CAT 4) T-CAT

Answer 30

1. Contiguous concatenation (C-CAT) 2. Virtual concatenation (V-CAT)

Question 31

__________ is used to transport pay loads that do not fit efficiently into standard set of VCs 1) Translation 2) Concatenation 3) Multiplexing

Answer 31

Concatenation

Question 32

____________concatenation is a pointer based concatenation. 1) C-CAT 2) V-CAT

Answer 32

Contiguous concatenation (C-CAT)

Question 33

____________ requires functionality at every N/E adding cost and complexity 1) C-CAT 2) V-CAT

Answer 33

Contiguous concatenation (C-CAT)

Question 34

Lower order VCs (VC-12, VC3) concatenation is not possible in ____________ concatenation 1) C-CAT 2) V-CAT

Answer 34

Contiguous concatenation (C-CAT) For VC-4 and above Pointer based concatenation

Question 35

VCs are routed individually and may follow different paths, within the network in ____________concatenation 1) C-CAT 2) V-CAT

Answer 35

Virtual concatenation (V-CAT)

Question 36

Use the same core NEs, modify only edge NEs. in ____________ concatenation 1) C-CAT 2) V-CAT

Answer 36

Virtual concatenation (V-CAT)

Question 37

LCAS is defined in ITU-T __________

Answer 37

G.7042

Question 38

______ is the key to provide "bandwidth on demand". 1) GFP 2) VCAT 3) LCAS 4) CCAT

Answer 38

LCAS: Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme

Question 39

_________ has capability to dynamically change the amount of bandwidth used in a virtually concatenated channel i.e. bandwidth management flexibility. 1) GFP 2) VCAT 3) LCAS 4) CCAT

Answer 39

LCAS: Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme

Question 40

______ can dynamically change VCAT path sizes, as well as automatically recover from path failures. 1) GFP 2) VCAT 3) LCAS 4) CCAT

Answer 40

LCAS: Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme

Question 41

LCAS is defined for 1) low order payloads of SDH 2) high order payloads of SDH

Answer 41

both

Question 42

Bandwidth on Schedule is possible by______ 1) GFP 2) VCAT 3) LCAS 4) CCAT

Answer 42

LCAS: Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme

Question 43

SDH is an ________ standard 1) ISO 2) ITU-T 3) IEEE

Answer 43

ITU-T

Question 44

C1 Container bit rate 1) 1.5 mbps 2) 2 mbps 3) 34 mbps 4) 140 mbps

Answer 44

2 mbps

Question 45

C3 Container bit rate 1) 2 mbps 2) 8 mbps 3) 34 mbps 4) 140 mbps

Answer 45

34 mbps

Question 46

C4 Container bit rate 1) 2 mbps 2) 8 mbps 3) 34 mbps 4) 140 mbps

Answer 46

140 mbps

Question 47

Adding ________ to Container (C) makes it virtual container (VC) 1) pointer 2) Path overhead

Answer 47

Path overhead

Question 48

Adding _______ to VC makes it TU (tributary unit) 1) pointer 2) Path overhead

Answer 48

Pointer

Question 49

__ number of TUs are combined to form TUG-2 1) 2 2) 3 3) 4 4) 7

Answer 49

3

Question 50

__ number of TUG-2 s are combined to form TUG-3 1) 2 2) 3 3) 4 4) 7

Answer 50

7

Question 51

3 TUG-3 + POH + SOH + PTR 1) STM-1 AU frame 2) STM-1 packet 3) STM-1 frame

Answer 51

3) STM-1 frame

Question 52

3 TUG-3 are added to form ________ 1) VC-4 2) VC-2 3) VC-3 4) VC-4

Answer 52

VC-4

Question 53

__ TUG-3 are added to form VC-4 1) 2 2) 3 3) 4 4) 7

Answer 53

3

Question 54

pointer added to VC-4 makes it _____ 1) TU-4 2) TUG-4 3) AU-4 4) AUG-4

Answer 54

AU-4

Question 55

SOH added to AUG makes it _____ 1) TU-N 2) TUG-N 3) AU-N 4) STM-N

Answer 55

STM-N

Question 56

SOH added to ____ makes it STM-N 1) TU 2) TUG 3) AU 4) AUG

Answer 56

AUG

Question 57

_____ added to AUG makes it STM-N 1) SOH 2) ROH 3) TU-4 4) TUG-4

Answer 57

SOH

Question 58

_______ number of STM frames are sent per second 1) 1024 2) 4000 3) 8000 4) 10000

Answer 58

8000

Question 59

Basic packaging in unit for tributary signals (PDH) is 1) C 2) VC 3) TU 4) TUG

Answer 59

C

Question 60

Bit rate adaptation is done via _______procedure 1) positive stuffing 2) negative stuffing

Answer 60

positive stuffing procedure

Question 61

Adaptation of synchronous tributaries by ____ 1) fixed stuffing bit 2) variable stuffing bits

Answer 61

fixed stuffing bit

Question 62

Container (C) uses _____ stuffing 1) bit-by-bit 2) byte-by-byte

Answer 62

bit-by-bit

Question 63

_____ transport as a unit through the network (SDH) 1) C 2) VC 3) TU 4) AU

Answer 63

VC

Question 64

A VC containing several VCs has also a _____ area 1) pointer 2) path overhead

Answer 64

pointer

Question 65

____ combines several TUs for a new VC 1) TUG 2) AU 3) VC

Answer 65

TUG

Question 66

TUG combines several TUs for a new ___ 1) TUG 2) AU 3) VC

Answer 66

VC

Question 67

_______ is shaped if a pointer is allocated to the VC formed at last 1) TUG 2) AU 3) TU

Answer 67

AU

Question 68

______ is formed by adding a Section Overhead (SOH) to AUs 1) VC4 2) TUG 3) STM-1

Answer 68

STM-1

Question 69

STM-1 is formed by adding a Section Overhead (SOH) to ___ 1) VC4 2) AU 3) TUG

Answer 69

AUs

Question 70

STM-1 is formed by adding a ______ to AUs 1) pointer 2) path overhead (POH) 3) section overhead (SOH)

Answer 70

Section Overhead (SOH)

Question 71

STM-1 uses _____ stuffing 1) bit-by-bit 2) byte-by-byte

Answer 71

byte-by-byte

Question 72

In STM-1 clock justification is through ____ in the AU pointer area 1) positive stuffing 2) negative stuffing 3) positive-zero-negative stuffing

Answer 72

positive-zero-negative stuffing

Question 73

In STM-1 clock justification is through positive-zero-negative stuffing in the ____ area 1) Path Overhead 2) AU pointer 3) Section overhead

Answer 73

AU pointer

Question 74

A frame with a bit rate of ____ Mbit/s is defined in ITU-T Recommendation G.707 1) 140 Mbit/s 2) 155.52 Mbit/s

Answer 74

155.52 Mbit/s

Question 75

A frame with a bit rate of 155.52 Mbit/s is defined in ITU-T Recommendation G______ 1) G.701 2) G.707

Answer 75

G.707

Question 76

Section overhead bytes A1, A2 indicates 1) Quality monitoring, parity bytes 2) Frame alignment 3) Voice connection 4) Transmission error acknowledgement

Answer 76

Frame alignment

Question 77

Section overhead bytes B1, B2 indicates 1) Quality monitoring, parity bytes 2) Frame alignment 3) Voice connection 4) Transmission error acknowledgement

Answer 77

Quality monitoring, parity bytes

Question 78

Section overhead bytes D1-D12 indicates 1) Quality monitoring, parity bytes 2) Frame alignment 3) Voice connection 4) QECC network management

Answer 78

QECC network management

Question 79

Section overhead bytes E1, E2 indicates 1) Quality monitoring, parity bytes 2) Frame alignment 3) Voice connection 4) Transmission error acknowledgement

Answer 79

Voice connection

Question 80

Section overhead byte F1 indicates 1) Quality monitoring, parity bytes 2) Frame alignment 3) Maintenance 4) Transmission error acknowledgement

Answer 80

Maintenance

Question 81

Section overhead byte J0(C1) indicates 1) Quality monitoring, parity bytes 2) Frame alignment 3) Maintenance 4) Trace identifier

Answer 81

Trace identifier

Question 82

Section overhead bytes K1, K2 indicates 1) Quality monitoring, parity bytes 2) Automatic protection switching (APS) control 3) Maintenance 4) Transmission error acknowledgement

Answer 82

Automatic protection switching (APS) control

Question 83

Section overhead byte S1 indicates 1) Quality monitoring, parity bytes 2) Clock quality indicator 3) Maintenance 4) Transmission error acknowledgement

Answer 83

Clock quality indicator

Question 84

Section overhead byte M1 indicates 1) Quality monitoring, parity bytes 2) Frame alignment 3) Maintenance 4) Transmission error acknowledgement

Answer 84

Transmission error acknowledgement

Question 85

LCAS stands for

Answer 85

Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme

Question 86

PDU-oriented GFP is known as 1) GFP-P 2) GFP-F 3) GFP-V 4) GFP-T

Answer 86

Frame mapped GFP (GFP-F)

Question 87

Block-code-oriented GFP is known 1) GFP-P 2) GFP-F 3) GFP-V 4) GFP-T

Answer 87

Transparent GFP (GFP-T)

Question 88

______ is introduces delay and latency 1) GFP-F 2) GFT-T 3) both

Answer 88

GFP-F

Question 89

________ is a layer-1 encapsulation 1) GFP-F 2) GFP-T

Answer 89

GFP-T constant sized frames

Question 90

________ is a layer-2 encapsulation 1) GFP-F 2) GFP-T

Answer 90

GFP-F variable sized frames

Question 91

_______ has constant sized frames 1) GFP-F 2) GFP-T

Answer 91

GFP-T

Question 92

_______ has variable sized frames 1) GFP-F 2) GFP-T

Answer 92

GFP-F