Seawater

Question 1

hydrogen

Answer 1

1 proton, 1 electron

Question 2

oxygen

Answer 2

8 protons, 8 electrons

Question 3

ions

Answer 3

electrically charged

Question 4

kinetic energy

Answer 4

vibrations of atoms

Question 5

ice formation

Answer 5

hexagonal structure when ice

Question 6

is ice or water more dense

Answer 6

water

Question 7

what happens when temperature increases

Answer 7

molecules move apart and becomes less dense

Question 8

water molecule

Answer 8

1 hydrogen, 2 oxygen, shares 2 electrons in covalent bond

Question 9

uneven distribution of charges

Answer 9

oxygen slightly negative, hydrogen positive but molecule is neutral overall

Question 10

hydrogen bond

Answer 10

105 degrees, electrons repel hydrogens apart

Question 11

hydrogen bonds

Answer 11

water forms hydrogen bonds/electrostatic with other water or molecules

Question 12

what gives water its properties

Answer 12

electrostatic bonding

Question 13

high melting point/boiling point

Answer 13

due to hydrogen bonds as they need to be broken

Question 14

water as a solvent

Answer 14

dipole structure means its a universal solvent (dissolve ionic/covalent)

Question 15

how water dissolves

Answer 15

oxygen surrounds positive and hydrogen surrounds negative

Question 16

hydration

Answer 16

water acts as barrier stopping salt forming (instead forms hallite) as too much salt if not

Question 17

density

Answer 17

ice is held in hexagonal structure due to hydrogen bonds and floats, hot temp means less molecules per area as they move more

Question 18

is cold or warm water denser

Answer 18

cold as molecules dont move as much

Question 19

conductivity

Answer 19

some molecules can carry charge, h30, OH

Question 20

high heat capacity

Answer 20

due to electrostatic bonding

Question 21

what does high heat capacity mean

Answer 21

control climate, land have greater temp ranges, ocean controls ocean temp

Question 22

are water and seawater properties different

Answer 22

yes

Question 23

what does seawater contain

Answer 23

dissolved salt

Question 24

solute

Answer 24

thing being dissolved

Question 25

salinity

Answer 25

total amount of salt dissolved in water

Question 26

salinity of seawater

Answer 26

35%

Question 27

most salt ions in sea

Answer 27

sodium, magnesium, chlorine, potassium

Question 28

other things in sea

Answer 28

major constituents, nutrients, gases, trace elements, organic compounds

Question 29

major constituents

Answer 29

sodium, chlorine make up majority, magnesium, potassium

Question 30

nutrients

Answer 30

essential for growth/production, nitrogen/phosphorus/silcon, silicon used for diatoms, calcium carbonate for coccolithophores

Question 31

gases

Answer 31

nitrogen (most abundant), co2, oxygen, noble gases

Question 32

trace elements

Answer 32

metals, iron/lead/nickel, very small amount

Question 33

organic compounds

Answer 33

large complex molecules made by organisms (fats/protein)

Question 34

best way to determine salinity

Answer 34

evaporate water and compare weight before and after

Question 35

principle of absolute proportion

Answer 35

proportion of ions stays the same no matter the salinity (only measure one ion)

Question 36

chlorinity

Answer 36

amount of halogens in water

Question 37

most abundant ion

Answer 37

chlorine

Question 38

salionmeter

Answer 38

measures salinity, measures conductivity relative to ion content

Question 39

sources of salt to oceans

Answer 39

rivers transport weathered rocks, acidic river water makes carbonic acid and releases hydrogen ions making ocean acidic

Question 40

why does climate change make oceans saltier

Answer 40

evaporation occurs but not removal of salts so becomes supersaturated and precipitates and deposits on seafloor so in equilibrium

Question 41

removal of salts

Answer 41

evaporation, wind blows sea inland, clay absorbs ions

Question 42

long residence times

Answer 42

in sea

Question 42

residence times

Answer 42

how long ions stay in ocean

Question 43

short residence times

Answer 43

reactive