Second Midterm Part 1

Question 1

True or False:

Research has shown that complex auditory capabilities are present at birth.

Answer 1

True

innate capacity for categorical speech perception

Question 2

True or False:

The Eimas et al. used high-amplitude sucking procedure with 1 and 4 month olds to determine how they perceived differences in VOT; infants show the same categorical perception as adults

Answer 2

True

Question 3

True or False:

Kuhl and Meltzoff found that 24 of 32 infants between 18 and 20 weeks of age preferred to look at a film of a face that matched the vowel utterance they were hearing (/a/ vs /i/)

Answer 3

True

Question 4

What are the components of the Auditory-Vocal Link?

A.) Input: Auditory Perception and Processing

B.) Output: Speech and Spoken Langauge Organization & Production

C.) Input: Speech and Spoken Language Organization & Production

D.) Output: Auditory Perception and Processing

E.) Both A and B

Answer 4

E - A and B

Input: Auditory Perception and Processing

Output: Speech and Spoken Language Organization & Production

Question 5

True or False:

If auditory input is compromised, spoken language will not be negatively impacted

Answer 5

False

If auditory input is compromised, spoken language will be negatively impacted

Question 6

The infant brain is very plastic: it is influenced by patterns of ______ activity from the ______

Answer 6

auditory ; periphery

Question 7

____ levels of the pathway (from brainstem up) can be stimulated by ______ input.

Answer 7

all ; auditory

Question 8

The auditory system becomes functional around _____ weeks of gestation.

Answer 8

25

Question 9

Around the third trimester the infant is able to recognize his/her _______ voice and native language.

Answer 9

mother’s voice

Question 10

There are how many postnatal stages of auditory development?

A.) 5

B.) 3

C.) 2

D.) 6

E.) 7

Answer 10

B - 3

Question 11

Stage I of postnatal auditory development consists of:

______ encoding of _______ characteristics of ______

Answer 11

neural ; fundamental ; sound

Question 12

Stage II of postnatal auditory development consists of:

using of _______ in sound in _______ ways

Answer 12

information ; specific

Question 13

Stage III of postnatal auditory development consists of:

________ sound in more of an ______ way

Answer 13

approach ; adult

Question 14

The following happens during Stage I of Neural Encoding:

A.) develop the neural encoding of auditory input

B.) Immature frequency discrimination

C.) Immature frequency resolution

D.) poorer hearing thresholds than adults

E.) all of the avove

Answer 14

E - all of the above

Question 15

True or False:

In general auditory evoked potentials tend to improve as child grows older

Answer 15

True

Question 16

During Stage II - Increasing Specificity and Selectivity the following occurs:

A.) Developing the ability to pull out speech from noise

B.) Use new information to distinguish sounds

C.) Ability to attend to finer details as opposed to global cues

D.) Fine temporal tuning

E.) all of the above

Answer 16

E - All of the above

Question 17

During Stage III - Flexibility in Sound Processing the following occurs:

A.) Neural mechanisms involved in coding sound mature

B.) Children become more specific in the way that they listen to sound

C.) Children between 9 and 12 years of age are less flexible in their ability to identify sounds when given one cue as opposed to multiple cues

D.) Are able to choose acoustic information to identify sounds by late teenage years

E.) All of the above

Answer 17

E - all of the above

Question 18

Auditory Development consists of four domains and they are:

HINT: D.D.I.C

Answer 18

Detection ; Discrimination; Identification ; Comprehension

Question 19

Within the domain of Detection there are subskills that are an integral part of auditory development:

HINT:

A.D.L.P

Answer 19

Auditory Attention ; Distance Hearing ; Localization ; Patterning

Question 20

True or False:

Discrimination’s subskil; is self monitoring

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Identification has two subskills:

HINT: S.P.

Answer 21

Sequential Memory, Processing

Question 22

Define Detection:

Answer 22

hearing a sound without knowing what it means or where it came from

Question 23

Define Auditory Attention:

Answer 23

anticipating or paying attention to auditory signals over short to longer periods of time

Question 24

Define Distance Hearing:

Answer 24

attending to sounds in distance

Question 25

Define Localization:

Answer 25

*searching for sounds*

Question 26

Define Patterning:

Answer 26

*differentiating between sounds based the patterns of those sounds*

Question 27

Define Self-Monitoring:

Answer 27

*monitoring information through listening and modifying speech productions based on what was heard, especially as it was related to duration, rhythm, pitch, loudness, vowels and consonant sounds*

Question 28

Identification is close to discrimination but the child labels by \_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, or _______ the stimulus heard.

Answer 28

repeating ; pointing ; writing

Question 29

Auditory Sequential Memory is the \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_, and _____ auditory information and language it was presented.

Answer 29

storing ; remembering ; recalling

Question 30

Auditory Processing is making ______ judgments about was \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 30

cognitive ; heard

Question 31

In order for comprehension to take place the following needs to be present:

Answer 31

auditory memory and sequencing

Question 32

Some of the challenges faced for children with hearing loss: ## Footnote A.) Early identification of hearing loss B.) Early, consistent use of advanced hearing instruments C.) Early access to auditory-based language learning in the home D.) Access to knowledgeable and skilled professionals E.) All of the above

Answer 32

E - all of the above

Question 33

Define neural plasticity:

Answer 33

the ability for change to occur in the sensory system responsible for the transmission of sensory input

Question 34

Some of the peripheral changes you see in deafness are: ## Footnote A.) degeneration of spiral ganglion neurons B.) More degeneration in the basal turn C.) degeneration in the peripheral process first, then cell body and axons D.) Less degeneration in the basal turn E.) All except for D

Answer 34

E

Question 35

True or False: The central changes that happens with deafness is "downregulation" or the cell changes in size, activity, and synaptic structure.

Answer 35

True

Question 36

True or False: Typically developing children learn speech and spoken language through audition.

Answer 36

True

Question 37

True or False: Majority of children who are deaf or hard of hearing are using spoken language and learning in regular education settings.

Answer 37

True

Question 38

What is happening in this picture?

Answer 38

Degeneration of peripheral neurons (8th nerve) due to long-term deafness

Question 39

What is the Ling-Six Sound Test?

Answer 39

daily perceptual check of detection and discriminatin of speech sounds \*six sounds representing the frequency range of the entire speech spectrum /u/,/m/,/a/,Sh,/s/

Question 40

What is Developmental Psychoacoustics?

Answer 40

the study of how human listeners hear, detect, discriminate and identify basic characteristics of sound

Question 41

Three important questions concerning hearing in infants and children are:

Answer 41

effect of development; effect of methodology; and effects of non-auditory processes

Question 42

True or False; Auditory Sensitivity thresholds are *greater* than infants and children in comparison to adults

Answer 42

False - auditory sensitivity thresholds are *poorer* than infants and children in comparison to adults

Question 43

At 3 months, thresholds are _____ dB greater than adults

Answer 43

15-30

Question 44

At 6-12 months, thresholds are about ___ higher than adults

Answer 44

10

Question 45

Prior to 6 months of age, thresholds are closer to adults in _________ frequencies.

Answer 45

low

Question 46

There is a significant improvment in sensitivity between 3 and 6 months in the ______ frequencies.

Answer 46

high

Question 47

The reason due to improvement in higher frequencies is due to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 47

inner ear maturation

Question 48

The reason as to why auditory sensitivity improvement in the low and mid frequencies is due to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 48

outer and middle ear maturation

Question 49

In the Sinnot and Aslin study found intensity difference limens of ___ to ____ dB for infants, with adults showing a different limen of 1.78 dB.

Answer 49

3 ; 12

Question 50

Intensity Discrmination appears to be adult-like at: A.) 3 years of age B.) 5 years of age C.) 8 years of age D.) 6 years of age E.) 10 years of age

Answer 50

D - 6 years of age

Question 51

What is auditory temporal resolution?

Answer 51

the shortest time period which the ear can discriminate two signals

Question 52

Temporal Resolution becomes adult-like around: ## Footnote A.) 9 years of age B.) 7 years of age C.) 6 years of age D.) 4 years of age E.) 2 years of age

Answer 52

C - 6 years of age

Question 53

Infants have _____ tuning curves than adults at 4 and 8 kHz.

Answer 53

broader

Question 54

The auditory filter widths mature between _____ and _____ months.

Answer 54

3 ; 6

Question 55

Some of the perceptual consequences infants have as broadband listeners are: ## Footnote A.) sensitivity to features adults don't hear B.) more distracted by non-relevant stimuli C.) higher thresholds for tone in noise and susceptibility to masking in everyday life D.) Only B E.) A, B, and C

Answer 55

E

Question 56

In the Werner and Bargones study found that infants had significantly _____ thresholds in noise than in quiet.

Answer 56

higher

Question 57

True or False: The Muir and Field study found that full-term newborns would turn toward the sound of a rattle on 75 to 90% of trials.

Answer 57

True

Question 58

Infants will only lateralize sounds only in a lateral plane until approximately ____ months. ## Footnote A.) 8 months B.) 6 months C.) 5 months D.) 7 months E.) 10 months

Answer 58

D - 7 months

Question 59

Between 7 and 9 months infants will start to localize sounds ______ them. ## Footnote A.) In front of B.) below C.) above D.) beside E.) behind

Answer 59

B - below them

Question 60

Between 13 and 16 months infants will start to localize sounds that are _____ them. ## Footnote A.) above B.) behind C.) beside D.) below E.) in front of

Answer 60

A - above