Second partial Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
What does the nucleus do?
A
Stores the genetic information of the cell
2
Q
What do lysosomes do?
A
Break down macromolecules using digestive enzymes
3
Q
What is the function of the mitochondrion?
A
Converts chemical fuel into packets of chemical energy (ATP) that can power the cell
4
Q
What does the ribosome do?
A
Works with mRNA to synthesize proteins
5
Q
What is the Smooth ER?
A
The site of lypid synthesis
6
Q
What is the plant cell wall?
A
The strong, protective structure made from cellulose fibrils
7
Q
What does the central vacuole do?
A
Regulates cytoplasm composition, creates internal pressure, and stores cell compounds
8
Q
What does the chloroplast do?
A
Makes food by converting light energy into chemical energy
9
Q
What does the Golgi Apparatus do?
A
Modifies and packages proteins
10
Q
Which organelle serves as a protein manufacturing facility?
A
Rough ER
11
Q
Which organelle provides structural support and provides tracks for moving organelles?
A
Cytoskeleton
12
Q
What are centrioles in animal cells made out of?
A
Microtubes
13
Q
Some eukaryotic cells have a ———- or a short —– that move.
A
Flagellum or short cilia
14
Q
In facilitated diffusion, molecules use a ————- to move across the plasma membrane
A
transport protein
15
Q
What is the fluid mosaic made out of?
A
Lipids
16
Q
What are some of the functions of a membrane?
A
Isolate cell contents, regulate exchanges, create attachments, regulate chemical reactions
17
Q
What is a solute?
A
The substance that disolves
18
Q
What is a solution?
A
Where solute and solvent meet
19
Q
What is the gradient?
A
The flow of solute
20
Q
What is a hypotonic solution?
A
Where solutes are less
21
Q
What is an isotonic solution?
A
Where there is the same quantity of a solute and a solvent
22
Q
What is a hypertonic solution?
A
There is more solute than solvent
23
Q
What is the main characteristic of passive transport?
A
No energy is required
24
Q
What are the three types of passive transport?
A
Simple diffusion, osmosis & facilitated diffusion
25
Simple diffusion is mainly used for...?
Gases
26
Osmosis is used for...?
Water
27
Facilitated diffusion is used for...?
Specific molecules
28
What is the main characteristic of active transport?
It requires energy
29
Active transport is very selective in...?
What goes in & out
30
What is the formula for photosynthesis?
6 CO2 + 6 H2O ----light energy---> C6H12O6 + 6 O2
31
What is the function of photosynthesis?
To convert solar energy into chemical energy of a carbohydrate
32
What do plants produce?
Oxygen & glucose
33
What are autotrophs?
Species that make their own food
34
What are heterotrophs?
Species that require food from other producers
35
The first step of photosynthesis, the LIGHT REACTION, occurs where?
In the tylakoids
36
What happens during the light reaction process?
Light energy is converted into chemical energy
37
The second step of photosynthesis, the CALVIN CYCLE, occurs where?
In the stroma
38
Chlorophyll's pigments reflect which color?
Green
39
Which colors are absorbed by chlorophylls?
Violet, blue, red & orange
40
What is the starting molecule in the light reactions?
H2O
41
Which molecules are produced during the light reactions?
O2, ATP & NADPH
42
Which are the starting molecules in the Calvin Cycle?
ATP, NADPH & CO2
43
Which molecules are produced in the Calvin Cycle?
ADP, NADP+ & Phosphate
44
Plants have a stomata, what does this do?
It opens & closes depending on the temperature. If it is hot, it won't let water evaporate & vise-versa
45
What is the first step of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis
46
Where does glycolysis happen?
In the cytoplasm
47
What happens during the glycolysis?
Glucose is broken down into NADH, Pyruvic Acid & ATP
48
What is the second step of cellular respiration?
Acetulation
49
Where does acetulation occur?
In the mitochondria
50
What happens during the acetulation?
The pyruvates are broken down and carbon dioxide is released
51
What is the third step of cellular respiration?
The Krebs Cycle
52
Where does the Citric Acid / Krebs Cycle occur?
In the mitochondria
53
What occurs during the Krebs Cycle?
Acetyl CoA is transformed into NDH & FADH
54
What is the final step of cellular respiration?
Electron transport
55
What are the starting molecules for electron transport?
Hydrogen & ATP
56
What comes out from electron transport?
H2O
57
What happens during the electron transport?
Hydrogen is released & ATP is created
58
What does cellular respiration do?
Creates energy by taking in oxygen
59
What is the main function of fermentation?
To create energy when there is no oxygen available
60
What are the two types of fermentation?
Alcoholic fermentation & lactate fermentation
61
What happens during alcoholic fermentation?
The pyruvate from glycolysis is converted to ethanol
62
What are some products that use alcoholic fermentation?
Bread, beer & wine
63
What does lactate fermentation do?
It makes ATP quickly but not for long
64
What is energy?
The capacity to do work
65
Which are the two types of energy?
Potential & kinetic
66
What is potential energy?
Stored energy or energy of position (gravitational)
67
What is kinetic energy?
Energy of motion
68
What do thermodynamics say?
-Energy cannot be created or destroyed-Energy tends to spread out, disperse, until no part of a system holds more than another part
69
What happens during a chemical reaction?
One or more reactants become one or more products
70
What are reactants?
Molecules that enter the reaction and become changed by it
71
What are products?
Molecules produced by a reaction
72
In energy-requiring reactions, cells store energy where?
In the chemical bonds of organic compounds
73
In energy-releasing reactions, cells do what?
They retrieve energy stored in the chemical bonds of organic compounds
74
What is exergonic?
Energy is released
75
What is endergonic?
Energy is absorbed
76
How do cells store and retrieve energy?
By making and breaking chemical bonds
77
What are enzymes?
Biological catalysts, meaning they speed up reactions
78
Each enzyme recognizes specific what?
Reactants or substrates
79
What are some characteristics of an active site?
They are complementary in shape, size, polarity and charge with the enzyme's substrates
80
What does the active site do?
It squeezes substrates together, influences their charge, or causes some other change that lowers activation energy
81
After the product leaves a reaction, what occurs with the enzyme?
Nothing; it is unchanged and the enzyme can work again
82
What do enzymes need?
A specific pH, temperature, and salt concentration
83
There are two pathways for enzymes, which?
Linear & metabolic
84
What do cofactors/coenzymes do?
They help enzymes by providing the energy required so they can act
85
What do DNA molecules and their associated proteins form?
Chromosomes
86
A strand of DNA is what?
A polymer of nucleotides
87
Which four types of nucleotides make up DNA?
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine & Guanine
88
What is DNA formed out of?
Two nucleic acid strands (double helix)
89
How many sets of chromosomes does a human have?
23
90
What is the name of the process by which a cell copies its DNA?
Replication
91
Before DNA replication, a chromosome consists of what?
One double helix
92
What happens at the beginning of replication (unwinding)?
Enzymes break the hydrogen bonds that hold the double helix together, so the two DNA strands unwind and separate
93
During the attachment, primers serve as what?
Attachment points for DNA polymerases
94
What occurs during the assembling?
DNA polymerase moves along a strand of DNA, it uses the sequence of bases as a template to assemble a new strand of DNA from nucleotides
95
What occurs in the sealing?
The enzyme DNA ligase seals any gaps, so the new DNA strands are continuous
96
What is a gene?
A DNA sequence that encodes an RNA or protein product
97
What is gene expression?
The process of transcription and translation; the multistep process in which information encoded in a gene guides the assembly of an RNA or protein product
98
What happens in transcription?
Enzymes use the gene's DNA sequence to express themselves
99
What happens in transcription?
A strand of DNA acts as a template, a nucleotide can be added to a growing strand of RNA only if it is complementary, each nucleotide provides the energy of its own attachment to the end of a growing strand
100
Where does transcription occur in eukaryotic cells?
In the nucleus
101
Where does transcription occur in prokaryotic cells?
In the cytoplasm
102
Many codons form an...?
Amino acid
103
Many amino acids form...?
Proteins
104
What are the three types of RNA?
Messenger (MRNA), Transfer (TRNA) & Ribosomal (rRNA)
105
What is the rRNA?
It is the main component of ribosomes, which assemble amino acids into polypeptide chains
106
What does the TRNA do?
It delivers the amino acids to the ribosomes
107
MRNA works as the messenger between what?
DNA & protein
108
What is the first signal in an MRNA to start translation?
AUG
109
AUG is codon for what?
Methionine
110
What does a stop codon mark?
The end of a protein-coding sequence in a MRNA
