Secretion

Question 1

what are the 3 components of saliva?

Answer 1

water
electrolytes
organic components

Question 2

what produces primary secretion?

Answer 2

acinus

Question 3

where is primary secretion midified?

Answer 3

striated duct

Question 4

what change in composition happens within the striated ducts?

Answer 4

conversion from isotonic to a hypotonic solution
resorption of Na and Cl
secretion of HCO and K

Question 5

What is the role of bicarbonate?

Answer 5

plaque acid neutralisation

Question 6

at rest, what are striated cells impermeable to?

Answer 6

water

Question 7

what happens when saliva flows through striated ducts?

Answer 7

increase K concentration
decrease Na concentration
decrease Cl

Question 8

what is the effect of slow saliva rate on Na concentration?

Answer 8

much time for resorption of Na so low levels in saliva

Question 9

what is the effect of high saliva flow rate on Na concentrations?

Answer 9

less time for resorption of Na so less in saliva

Question 10

what happens when there is high gland activity?

Answer 10

increased HCO in saliva

Question 11

where does most of the formation and secretion of organic components in saliva occur?

Answer 11

acinar cells

Question 12

what type of ducts is there little change within?

Answer 12

intercalated

Question 13

what type of ducts is there large change in composition in?

Answer 13

striated

Question 14

when doo striated ducts change composition?

Answer 14

conversion from isotonic to a hypotonic solution, resorption of Na and Cl, secretion of HCO and K

Question 15

at rest, what cells are impermeable to water?

Answer 15

striated cells

Question 16

what happens to Na and K concentrations as saliva flows through striated ducts?

Answer 16

increase K concentration
decrease Na concentration
Cl also decrease as follows Na

Question 17

what adds HCO to saliva secretion?

Answer 17

Cl/HCO exchanger

Question 18

what is the outcome of adding HCO to saliva secretion?

Answer 18

pH buffer

Question 19

how does a low flow rate effect Na concentration?

Answer 19

very low Na in saliva
due to much time for resorption

Question 20

how does high flow rate effect Na concentration in saliva?

Answer 20

less reduction of Na in saliva
due to less time for resorption

Question 21

what increases in saliva with high gland activity?

Answer 21

HCO

Question 22

what forms and secretes organic components?

Answer 22

mainly acinar cells

Question 23

where is protein synthesised?

Answer 23

ribosomes on the RER

Question 24

what does protein synthesis require?

Answer 24

ATP from mitochondria

Question 25

where is protein transferred to?

Answer 25

golgi apparatus

Question 26

what happens after protein is transferred to golgi apparatus?

Answer 26

exocytosis

Question 27

what are the types of exocrine secretory mechanisms?

Answer 27

merocrine apocrine holocrine

Question 28

what is merocrine secretion?

Answer 28

classical "exocytosis" no loss of cell itself predominant mechanism in saliva

Question 29

what is apocrine secretion?

Answer 29

loss of part of the cells e.g., in some sweat glands

Question 30

what is holocrine secretion?

Answer 30

loss of whole cell e.g., in sebaceous glands

Question 31

what controls secretory mechanisms?

Answer 31

autonomic nervous system

Question 32

where would you find the pre-ganglionic neuron and where does it synapse?

Answer 32

brain/ spinal cord synapses in a ganglion

Question 33

where would you find the post-ganglionic neuron and where does it terminate?

Answer 33

the ganglion terminates in the effector organ/ tissue

Question 34

what are the transmitters in the sympathetic autonomic pathways?

Answer 34

acetylcholine - pre ganglionic noradrenaline/ acetylcholine - post ganglionic

Question 35

what are the transmitters in the parasympathetic autonomic pathway?

Answer 35

acetylcholine - post ganglionic

Question 36

what is the relationship between parasympathetics and sympathetic in control of saliva secretion?

Answer 36

not reciprocal

Question 37

what do parasympathetics do in saliva secretion?

Answer 37

increase secretion vasodilation

Question 38

what do sympathetics do in saliva secretion?

Answer 38

alpha1 and beta2 adrenergic receptors increase secretion vasoconstriction

Question 39

what cranial nerve targets the lingual gland?

Answer 39

IX

Question 40

what ganglion is associated with the lingual gland?

Answer 40

remaks

Question 41

what cranial nerve targets the parotid gland?

Answer 41

IX

Question 42

what ganglion is associated with the parotid gland?

Answer 42

otic

Question 43

what cranial nerve is associated with the sublingual gland?

Answer 43

VII

Question 44

what cranial nerve is associated with the submandibular gland?

Answer 44

VII

Question 45

what cranial nerve supplies the palatal gland?

Answer 45

VII

Question 46

what ganglion is associated with the sublingual and submandibular glands?

Answer 46

submandibular

Question 47

what ganglion is associated with the palatal gland

Answer 47

pterygopalatine

Question 48

what is the receptor of parasympathetic control of saliva secretion?

Answer 48

muscarinic

Question 49

what is the antagonist of parasympathetic control of saliva secretion?

Answer 49

atropine

Question 50

what is the result of parasympathetic control of saliva secretion?

Answer 50

- Increase K permeability of acinus. - First stage in acinar ionic secretion - Responsible for most of the increase in volume of saliva flow - Small, variable increase in organic components - Contraction of myoepithelial cells

Question 51

what is the result of sympathetic control of saliva secretion?

Answer 51

increased exocytosis of organic components contraction of myoepithelial cells

Question 52

what does stress induce?

Answer 52

induces sympathetic, so thick, low volume saliva. No parasympathetics

Question 53

when is freys syndrome likely to occur?

Answer 53

post parotid surgery

Question 54

what is freys syndrome?

Answer 54

Damage to auriculotemporal nerve - Parasympathetic to salivary glands (Ach) - Sympathetic to facial sweat glands (Ach) Regeneration of damaged nerves - Nerves mixed and misdirected. - Salivary nerves – sweat glands. Salivary stimulant (gustatory) - Activation of sweat glands – sweating Gustatory sweating

Question 55

what are signals that initiate saliva flow?

Answer 55

- Reflex salivation – gustatory afferents (taste) - Mechanoreceptive afferents (PDL, mucosa, joint and muscle) - Ipsilateral (saliva flow increases on the side you chew on).