Section 1

Question 1

What does autonomy refer to as it relates to ethics in Coaching?

Answer 1

A client’s ability to think, decide and act on their own initiative.

Question 2

What does non-maleficence refer to as it relates to ethics in coaching? 

Answer 2

First, do no harm. 

Question 3

What does beneficence refer to as it relates to ethics in coaching? 

Answer 3

Promoting what is best for the client based on scientific evidence. 

Question 4

What does justice refer to as it relates to ethics in coaching? 

Answer 4

Treating all people equally and equitably. Displaying unconditional positive regard and cultivating inclusive, coaching environments. 

Question 5

What are the four broad principles of ethics that the client-coach relationship is based upon? 

Answer 5

1. Autonomy
2. Non-malfeasance 
3. Beneficence
4. Justice

Question 6

What are the SAMSHA eight dimensions of wellness? 

Answer 6

1. Physical wellness
2. Intellectual wellness
3. Emotional wellness
4. Spiritual wellness
5. Financial wellness
6. Social wellness
7. Environmental wellness
8. Occupational wellness 

Question 7

For what percentage of global death is chronic disease responsible? 

Answer 7

70%

Question 8

What approach to medicine takes into account all evidence-informed therapies that support, physical, emotional, psychological, and spiritual aspects of individuals?

Answer 8

Integrative medicine 

Question 9

In terms of past, present and future, where does a health coach focus primarily? 

Answer 9

The present and the desired future

Question 10

Define person-centered care 

Answer 10

Individuals are active participants in their healthcare 

Question 11

Person-centered care requires what kind of relationships between patients and healthcare providers? 

Answer 11

Relationships that are rooted in empathy, compassion, and respect

Question 12

What are the four categories of coaching competencies? 

Answer 12

1. Setting the foundation
2. Co-creating the relationship
3. Communicating effectively
4. Facilitating learning and results

Question 13

What coaching competencies are included in the category “Setting the Foundation”?

Answer 13

1. Meeting ethical guidelines and professional standards
2. Establishing the coaching agreement 

Question 14

What coaching competencies are included in the category “Co-creating the Relationship”?

Answer 14

1. Establishing trust and intimacy
2. Coaching presence (being fully present with an open and flexible style)

Question 15

What coaching competencies are included in the category “Communicating Effectively“?

Answer 15

1. Active listening
2. Powerful questioning
3. Direct communication

Question 16

What coaching competencies are included in the category “Facilitating Learning and Results”?

Answer 16

1. Creating awareness
2. Designing actions
3. Planning and goal setting
4. Managing progress and accountability

Question 17

What are four elements that are important for establishing rapport with a client?

Answer 17

1. Unconditional positive regard
2. Autonomy
3. Empathy
4. Affirmation

Question 18

What are the five personality traits in the five-factor model?

Answer 18

1. Openness to experience
2. Conscientiousness
3. Extroversion
4. Agreeableness
5. Neuroticism

Question 19

What are three types of reflections that a coach might use? 

Answer 19

1. Simple reflection.
2. Amplified reflection.
3. Double sided reflection. 

Question 20

What is a simple reflection?

Answer 20

Repeating or rephrasing what the client has said in a brief and concise way 

Question 21

What is an amplified reflection? 

Answer 21

Providing a direct and more exaggerated form of what the client has stated 

Question 22

What is a double sided reflection?

Answer 22

Exploring the clients ambivalence by highlighting reasons he or she has given both for and against change 

Question 23

What is self efficacy?

Answer 23

The degree to which an individual believes they can successfully perform a given behavior 

Question 24

This type of coaching helps clients understand how beliefs and/or expectations affect experience (or feelings) in order to overcome perceived barriers for behavior change

Answer 24

Cognitive Behavioral Coaching

Question 25

What are the six principles of adult learning?

Answer 25

1. They need to know why they need to learn some thing before they learn it. 2. Self-concept is heavily dependent on autonomy and self-directedness of learning  3. Prior experiences are a significant resource 4. Need to be in a stage of readiness to learn 5. They typically become ready to learn when they experience a need to cope with a life situation or perform a task. 6. Adult learners are internally motivated. 

Question 26

List and define the four domains of emotional intelligence

Answer 26

1. Self-awareness: the ability to perceive emotions in oneself and others accurately 2. Self- management: the ability to use emotions to facilitate thinking (high self management usually = high degree of self discipline and ability to focus) 3. Social awareness: ability to understand emotions and the signals they convey. Empathy is a key attribute tied to this. 4. Relationship management: the ability to manage emotions in order to attain specific goals. 

Question 27

List and define three types of empathy 

Answer 27

1. Cognitive empathy: understanding what a client knows and understands 2. Emotional empathy: being attuned to understanding what a client is feeling 3. Empathic concern: the ability to sense what another person needs from you

Question 28

List and describe the five stages of change according to the transtheoretical model of behavior change.

Answer 28

1. Precontemplation - no intention of changing 2. Contemplation- considering making a change, possibly in the next six months 3. Preparation- have decided to change and are preparing to begin 4. Action- have moved forward with changing their behavior, but have not yet maintained it for six months 5. Maintenance- have successfully changed their behavior for at least six months

Question 29

According to the health belief model, what are the four variables that influence a persons decision to change? 

Answer 29

Beliefs about the: 1. Perceived susceptibility of the health threat. 2. Perceived seriousness of the health threat. 3. Benefits of the health behavior 4. Barriers of the health behavior

Question 30

The concept of self efficacy originated from what behavior change theory? 

Answer 30

Social cognitive theory

Question 31

What is locus of control?

Answer 31

The extent to which people think things happen for internal versus external reasons 

Question 32

People who have repeatedly failed to change a behavior may experience what psychological state?

Answer 32

Learned helplessness 

Question 33

In contrast to other behavior change theories, this theory argues that peoples behavior shapes their attitudes 

Answer 33

Self perception theory

Question 34

What is the theory that focuses on different types of motivation that drive behavior?

Answer 34

Self-determination theory 

Question 35

List and describe the three most important factors that influence motivation according to self-determination theory.

Answer 35

1. Autonomy - people need to feel they are acting of their own accord (not being forced) 2. Competence - people need to feel competent in a particular behavior or activity 3. Relatedness - people need to feel they belong in a particular group or place (i.e., positive connections)

Question 36

List and describe the six categories of motivation according to self determination theory 

Answer 36

1. Intrinsic motivation - engaging in a behavior or activity because you genuinely enjoy it 2. Integrated regulation - when a behavior and its goals have become integrated into your self-concept 3. Identified regulation - engaging in a behavior or activity because it helps you reach a personally meaningful goal, even though they may not actually enjoy it 4. Introjected regulation- when you engage in an activity because you think you should even though you don’t really want to 5. External regulation - engaging in an activity because of external pressure to avoid punishment or gain rewards 6. Amotivation- no motivation whatsoever 

Question 37

Substituting healthier behaviors and cognitions for the unhealthy behavior is known as what 

Answer 37

Counterconditioning

Question 38

Experiencing negative emotions because the negative behavior is perceived to be problematic, then feeling relief from deciding to change is known as what

Answer 38

Dramatic relief

Question 39

Deciding to change and experiencing a new belief in the ability to change is known as what 

Answer 39

Self liberation 

Question 40

Increasing rewards for healthy behavior change and decreasing rewards for unhealthy behavior is known as what 

Answer 40

Reinforcement management 

Question 41

Removing reminders and cues to engage in unhealthy behaviors and replacing them with reminders/cues for healthy behavior

Answer 41

Stimulus control 

Question 42

The model of health that emphasizes the interrelated biological, psychological and social components of health 

Answer 42

Biopsychosocial model of health 

Question 43

What academic discipline promotes the idea of moving away from focusing on a person’s deficits or fixing what is wrong with them to consciously nurturing and using one’s character strengths?

Answer 43

Positive psychology

Question 44

The transtheoretical model of behavior change was originally applied in what setting?

Answer 44

For smoking cessation and overcoming other addictions 

Question 45

What evidence-based approach to facilitating behavior change can be particularly helpful for people in the contemplation stage of change? 

Answer 45

Motivational interviewing 

Question 46

People in this stage of behavior change are ambivalent about change and still weighing the pros and cons

Answer 46

Contemplation 

Question 47

In what stage of behavioral change might you assist the client in identifying social support and establishing goals?

Answer 47

Preparation 

Question 48

You can usually get a sense of a clients stage of change by asking what kind of questions?

Answer 48

Open ended questions 

Question 49

List and explain four factors that influence self efficacy

Answer 49

1. Mastery experiences - successful accomplishment of a task increases self efficacy 2. Motivational models - seeing people similar to ourselves who are successful at tasks we are trying to master increases self efficacy 3. Persuasive messages - when received from health coaches and others can enhance self efficacy but must be perceived to be realistic and sincere 4. Stress arousal - people interpret stress symptoms as signs of inability so this is associated with decreased self efficacy

Question 50

According to this theory, most people have a tendency to attribute their own behavior to the situation, while attributing others behavior to personality 

Answer 50

Attribution theory

Question 51

Believing that failure is inevitable and attributing it to unchangeable and uncontrollable personal qualities 

Answer 51

Learned helplessness

Question 52

Too much of an external locus of control

Answer 52

Can create a sense of anger and blame directed at others

Question 53

Too much of an internal locus of control

Answer 53

Can create feelings of anger at oneself and low self-esteem 

Question 54

What is the theory that suggests different types of motivation that drive behavior 

Answer 54

Self-determination theory 

Question 55

As described by self-determination theory, which type of motivation is a form of autonomous motivation and the most effective type of motivation for behavior change? 

Answer 55

Intrinsic motivation

Question 56

What are two basic types of motivation according to self-determination theory?

Answer 56

Autonomous motivation and controlled motivation

Question 57

A type of motivation in which people feel as if they are behaving of their own free will 

Answer 57

Autonomous motivation 

Question 58

A type of motivation in which people are doing something because they feel pressured by demands from external forces 

Answer 58

Controlled motivation

Question 59

According to self-determination theory, what are two categories of motivation that feel fairly autonomous 

Answer 59

Integrated regulation and identified regulation