Section 1C

Question 0

What is the daily secretion of saliva?

Answer 0

800-1500 mL

Question 1

What are the 3 principle glands of salivation?

Answer 1

1. Parotid
2. Submandibular
3. Sublingual
   - also many small buccal glands…

Question 2

3 functions of salivary gland secretions

Answer 2

1. Lubrication and digestion of food
2. Enhance speech, taste, and swallowing
3. dissolves and washes out food particles from between teeth.

Question 3

What is Xerostomia and what do they show as symptoms

Answer 3

patients who cannot produce saliva

- Suffer from 1)dental caries, 2)dry mouth and 3)infection/inflammation of the buccal mucosa

Question 4

What diseases affect salivary glands resulting in xerostamia?

Answer 4

Sjogren’s syndrome
HIV/AIDS
Diabetes
Parkinson’s Disease

Question 5

Other than disease and drugs, what else can cause Xerostamia?

Answer 5

1. Injury to the head or neck that damages the nerves that stimulate the salivary glands
2. Radiation therapy for a cancer of the head and neck that damage any or all salivary glands included in the field of radiation

Question 6

The basic unit of the salivary gland consists of what three things

Answer 6

1. Acinus (cluster of cells)
2. Intercalated duct
3. Striated duct

Question 7

Each acinus is surround by a layer of what type of cells?

Answer 7

Myoepithelial cells, which are elongated or star-shaped non-secreting cells with long branching processes.

Question 8

What is the purpose of myoepithelial cells?

Answer 8

When stimulated by neural input, the myoepithelial cells contract to eject saliva into the mouth.

Question 9

Acini can be classified as one of three categories

Answer 9

1. Serous (Completely serous cells)
2. Mucous (Completely mucous cells)
3. Mixed (combination of both)

Question 10

Parotid glands have what type of acinus? What type of viscosity?

Answer 10

Serous Acinus

Watery viscosity

Question 11

Submandibular glands have what type of acinus? WHat type of viscosity?

Answer 11

Mixed acinus

Semi-viscous viscosity

Question 12

Sublingual glands have what type of acinus? What type of viscosity?

Answer 12

Mucous acinus

Viscous viscosity

Question 13

What gland has the most percentage of whole unstimulated daily saliva and which has the least?

Answer 13

Submandibular has most (71%)

Sublingual has least (3-4%)

Question 14

What duct drains the parotid gland?

Answer 14

Stensen’s duct, it is located near the upper second molar

Question 15

What does Wharton’s duct do?

Answer 15

Drains the submandibular gland and is located at the base of understructure of tongue.

Question 16

What duct drains the sublingual gland

Answer 16

It lack a single dominant duct. It is drained by 10 small ducts called the Ducts of Rivinus which exit the the superior aspect of the gland and open along the sublingual fold on the floor of the mouth

Question 17

What is the composition of saliva?

Answer 17

Composed of about:

99. 5% water
100. 5% electrolytes and protein

Question 18

What is the pH of saliva?

Answer 18

6.0-7.4

Question 19

What are the three most important salivary proteins and their function?

Answer 19

1. Salivary a-amylase (enzyme, begins digestion of carbs in mouth)
2. Lingual lipase (enzyme, begins digestion of lipids in stomach)
3. Mucins (mix with water to become mucus, which lubricates food)

Question 20

Function of Salivary a-amylase

Answer 20

Hydrolyzes internal alpha-1,4 linkages only.

Does not cleave terminal alpha-1,4 linkages or alpha-1,6 linkages.

Question 21

What inactivates salivary alpha-amylase?

Answer 21

It is inactivated by gastric acid

Question 22

Which constituents of saliva have antibacterial actions?

Answer 22

1. lysozyme (attacks bacterial cell walls)
2. Lactoferrin (chelates iron, preventing the multiplication of organisms that require it for growth)
3. Immunoglbulin A (IgA) which is active against certain viruses and bacteria

Question 23

Name 4 specific oral bacteria

Answer 23

Streptococci
Lactobacilli 
Staphylococci
Corynebacteria 
- Other anaerobes, approx. 700 species have been estimated to be present

Question 24

3 benefits of normal oral cavity flora

Answer 24

1. Prevent colonization of pathogens by competing for attachment sites or for essential nutrients 2. May antagonize other bacteria through the production of substances which inhibit or kill non-indigenous species 3. Stimulate the production of cross-reactive antibodies; They act as antigents and induce an immunological response

Question 25

What does saliva have to neutralize acids in the mouth that cause tooth demineralization?

Answer 25

Contain buffering agents, particularly HCO3-

Question 26

What minerals does sliva contain that must be present for the tooth remineralization process to occur?

Answer 26

Calcium, Phosphorous

Question 27

What pH is used to determine low enough for minerals in the tooth's enamel to dissolve?

Answer 27

< 5.5, can occur within 5-10 minutes of eating

Question 28

Salivary secretion is under what type of control for action?

Answer 28

Neural control. It is due to constant low-level stimulation by the parasympathetic nerve endings that terminate in the salivary glands.

Question 29

What type of neural stimulation increases salivary secretion?

Answer 29

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulate

Question 30

Which type of stimulation exerts the dominant role insalivary secretion, produces a prompt and abundant flow of watery saliva that is rich in enzymes.

Answer 30

Parasympathetic

Question 31

What stimulation produces a much smaller volume of thick saliva that is rich in mucus?

Answer 31

Sympathetic

Question 32

What other things other than food in the mouth can cause salivary secretion?

Answer 32

Sight and smell | Thought can also do it

Question 33

Upon stimulation, efferent neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system sends neural input via what cranial nerves to stimulate salivary glands to produce saliva?

Answer 33

CN VII and IX

Question 34

What two main things act by blocking the parasympathetic nervous system and thus saliva release?

Answer 34

1. Atropine | 2. Other cholinergic blocking agents

Question 35

What does the mouth feel like when the sympathetic nervous system is dominant?

Answer 35

It will feel dry because of the thick saliva

Question 36

What three things may decrease parasympathetic action inhibiting saliva release?

Answer 36

Dehydration Fear Sleep