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Section 2 Flashcards

Key terms for Section 2: Characteristics fo learners with various learning needs (60 cards)

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1
Q

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

A

a federal law that helps students with disabilities receive the support they need to succeed in school

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2
Q

Section 504

A

a civil rights law that ensures that students with disabilities have equal access to education; prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in any program or activity that receives federal financial assistance

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3
Q

special education

A

provides extra help to students who need it because of differences in how they learn or behave; this help is tailored to each student’s needs, is
documented in an IEP, and may include different teaching methods, unique materials, or extra support in the classroom

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4
Q

impairment

A

when something is wrong with a person’s body or mind like losing a limb, vision, or memory

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4
Q

disability

A

a condition that affects a person’s body or mind, resulting in activity limitation (when certain activities are more challenging) and participation restrictions (limits to their interaction with the world around them)

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5
Q

activity limitation

A

difficulty with tasks such as seeing, hearing, walking, or solving problems

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6
Q

participation restrictions

A

limitations on everyday activities like working, socializing, enjoying recreational activities, or getting healthcare

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7
Q

physical disability/mobility impairment

A

impedes a person’s ability to move around freely or perform certain tasks independently due to limitations in physical function or mobility; can manifest as difficulty walking, standing, or using limbs effectively to grasp or lift objects

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8
Q

assistive technology

A

devices and tools designed to enhance independence and accessibility for individuals with mobility or physical impairments

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9
Q

sensory impairment

A

a condition that affects one or more of the senses, including sight, hearing, touch, taste, or smell

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10
Q

Other Health Impairments (OHI)

A

a range of medical conditions that adversely affect a person’s health and educational performance; examples of OHI include but are not limited to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), asthma, and epilepsy

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11
Q

dyslexia

A

a learning disorder that affects a person’s ability to read, write, and spell accurately and fluently

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12
Q

dyscalculia

A

a learning disorder that affects a person’s ability to understand and manipulate numbers and mathematical concepts

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13
Q

dysgraphia

A

a learning disorder that affects a person’s ability to write coherently and effectively

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14
Q

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A

a neurodevelopment disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and sometimes hyperactivity

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15
Q

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

A

a developmental disorder that affects communication, behavior, and social interaction

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16
Q

cerebral palsy

A

a group of disorders that affect a person’s ability to move and maintain balance and posture

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17
Q

fragile X syndrome

A

a genetic disorder caused by changes in the FMR1 gene, resulting in the absence or deficiency of the FMRP protein; characterized by intellectual disability, learning disabilities, and behavioral challenges

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18
Q

intellectual disabilities

A

limitations in a person’s ability to learn at an expected level and function in daily life

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19
Q

Tourette syndrome

A

a condition of the nervous system that causes people to have tics, which are sudden twitches, movements, or sounds that people do repeatedly and cannot control

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20
Q

mental disorders

A

common mental health conditions that children may experience

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21
Q

anxiety

A

persistent fears and worries that interfere with children’s activities at school, at home, or during play

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22
Q

depression

A

persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, or disinterest in activities once enjoyed

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23
Q

oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)

A

persistent defiant behavior often leading to significant problems at home, school, or with peers

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24
conduct disorder (CD)
involves aggression toward others and serious violations of rules and social norms, which may result in legal issues or injuries
25
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
recurring unwanted thoughts and the urge to perform specific actions to alleviate anxiety, even if these behaviors seem irrational
26
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
a disorder that develops in children who experience severe stress or trauma, leading to symptoms like reliving the event, nightmares, irritability, avoidance, and constantly seeking potential threats
27
neurodiversity
embraces the idea that neurological differences—such as those associated with autism, ADHD, dyslexia, twice-exceptional, and other conditions—are a normal part of human diversity rather than disorders to be fixed
28
neurodivergence
refers to individuals whose neurological development diverges from typical or average
29
speech disorders
disorders that cause difficulty forming specific sounds or words correctly or difficulties with fluency, such as stuttering
30
language disorders
issues with understanding and using language, which may include difficulty in comprehending words, constructing sentences, or expressing thoughts
31
aphasia
difficulty understanding or producing language due to brain injury
32
auditory processing disorder
a disorder that affects understanding the meaning of the sounds the ear receives
33
speech-language pathologists
specialists who support children with language or speech disorders in schools by collaborating with teachers, parents, and caregivers to develop tailored intervention plans for each child's needs
34
student with culturally diverse needs
someone whose home language differs from English and whose cultural background may vary from the mainstream culture
35
Limited English Proficiency (LEP)
describes people who have trouble speaking, reading, writing, or understanding English
36
language minority students
students who speak a different language at home and might struggle with English in school
37
English learners (ELs)
individuals who are learning English as a second (or third, etc.) language and thus have varying levels of proficiency in English and may need additional support to access the curriculum
38
Language Instruction Educational Programs (LIEPs)
models of instruction for English learners that align with the goals of Title III to promote English proficiency, academic achievement, and cultural competence among ELs
39
sheltered English instruction
helps EL students understand academic lessons in English using activities, visuals, and simplified language; teachers focus on teaching subjects like math and science
40
structured English immersion
EL students learn all subjects in English, aiming for quick fluency in the language
41
transitional bilingualism
uses both the student's primary language and English for instruction, helping them maintain skills in both languages while transitioning to English-only classes
42
English as a second language
teaches EL students English language skills like speaking, reading, and writing, mainly using English with little support in the student's native language
43
dual language program
students learn in both English and another language, such as Spanish, to become bilingual and proficient in both languages across various subjects
44
Stephen Krashen
a linguistics expert known for his second-language acquisition theory; his theory encompasses five main hypotheses
45
acquisition-learning hypothesis
Krashen's theory separates language learning into two processes: acquisition and learning; acquisition happens naturally, like how children learn their first language by listening and interacting; learning, on the other hand, involves consciously studying grammar rules and vocabulary
46
monitor hypothesis
this hypothesis describes how people use what they have learned to correct themselves; the monitor is like a little editor in a mind, checking language use
47
input hypothesis
Krashen says individuals learn languages best when they understand what is said or written
48
affective filter hypothesis
this hypothesis is all about how feelings affect learning
49
natural order hypothesis
languages have a natural order in which people learn different parts; some components, like basic words and sentences, come first while more complex grammar rules come later
50
pre-production
also known as "the silent period," when the learner absorbs the new language but does not yet speak it
51
early production
here, the individual begins to speak using short words and sentences, but the focus remains on listening and absorbing the new language
52
speech emergent
speech becomes more frequent, with longer words and sentences; however, the learner still heavily relies on context clues and familiar topics
53
beginning fluency
the individual achieves fairly fluent speech in social situations with minimal errors
54
intermediate fluency
communication in the second language becomes fluent, especially in social settings
55
advanced fluency
at this stage, the individual communicates fluently across all contexts, navigating successfully in new situations and when exposed to new academic information
56
culturally responsive teaching
a proven teaching method that connects students' cultures, languages, and life experiences with what they learn in school
57
Universal Design for Learning (UDL)
an educational framework for designing flexible learning environments and curricula that provide all students—including those with diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds—equitable access to learning opportunities
58
giftedness
a blend of potential and opportunity; a unique blend of cognitive and affective traits; students with giftedness process information quickly, think abstractly, and show intense curiosity; their advanced language skills and original thinking set them apart
59
twice-exceptional
students who have been formally identified as having exceptional abilities or talents in areas such as academics, creativity, or the arts while also being diagnosed with one or more disabilities or challenges

Personalized Learning for Inclusive Classrooms (4 decks)

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