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Flashcards in Section 2 Deck (37)
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1
Q

How does Intracrine signaling work?

A

Signaling within the cell. The signal never leaves the cell.

2
Q

What is the delivery pathway for the signal in endocrine and neuroendocrine chemical signaling?

A

The bloodstream

3
Q

What is the RMP?

A

Resting Membrane Potential = -50 to -70mV

4
Q

At rest, neurons are permeable to what?

A

K+ (potassium)

5
Q

At rest, how does K+ get into the cell?

A

voltage-INDEPENDENT “leak” K+ channels

6
Q

What is the current defined by?

A

the direction in which positive charge flows (aka Convention)

7
Q

Which way does K+ and Na+ move during a current?

A

Na+ = in & K+ = out

8
Q

Intracellular K+

A

140

9
Q

Intracellular Na+

A

15

10
Q

Intracellular Cl-

A

30

11
Q

Intracellular Ca2+

A

0.0001

12
Q

Extracellular K+

A

5

13
Q

Extracellular Na+

A

145

14
Q

Extracellular Cl-

A

110

15
Q

Extracellular Ca2+

A

2

16
Q

What equation is like the Nernst equation but takes into account the relative permeabilites?

A

Goldman Equation

17
Q

How many K+ are pumped for every Na+?

A

2K+ for every 3Na+

18
Q

What is happening during the rising phase of an action potential?

A

Na+ influx inward (fast depolarization)

19
Q

What is happening during the falling phase of an action potential?

A

K+ efflux outward (repolarization)

20
Q

What happens up stream of an action potential?

A
  1. Na+ channels are inactivated

2. K+ channels open

21
Q

What happens to the action potential when tetrodotoxin is brought into the picture?

A

action potential is inhibited

22
Q

What triggers synaptic neurotransmitter release by promoting protein interaction and fusion of NT vesicle and the presynaptic membrane?

A

calcium

23
Q

What kind of synapse allow direct coupling between presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes via gap junctions?

A

Electrical synapse (found in heart muscle)

24
Q

What is the NT that is always between the 1st and 2nd neuron?

A

ACh

25
Q

What is the neuroanatomy of the Sypathetic system?

A

thoracolumbar

26
Q

What is the neroanatomy of the parasympathetic system?

A

craniosacral

27
Q

What organs have only sympathetic innervation?

A

adrenal medulla, peripheral blood vessels, pilomotor muscles, and sweat glands

28
Q

For the sympathetic nervous system are the preganglionic fibers long or short?

A

short (opposite for Parasymp) and postganglionic fibers

29
Q

What second neurons use ACh as the NT?

A
  1. Cardiac and smooth muscle, gland cells, nerve terminals (Parasymp.)
  2. Sweat glands (Sympathetic) = symp. cholinergic
  3. Somatic skeletal muscle
30
Q

What second neurons use NE as the NT? (released from the adrenal medulla)

A

Cardiac smooth muscle, gland cells, nerve terminals (Sympathetic)

31
Q

What second neurons use Dopamine as the NT?

A

Renal vascular smooth muscle (sympathetic)

32
Q

What does COMT do?

A

inactivates metabolites

33
Q

What drug inhibits VMAT (transports NE back into vessicle)?

A

Reserpine

34
Q

What drug inhibits Tyr –> Dopa? (tyrosine hydroxylase)

A

Metyrosine

35
Q

What is the name of the transporter that recycles NE back into the pre-synaptic cell?

A

NET

36
Q

What inhibits NET?

A

Cocaine, tricyclic antidepressants & amphetamines

37
Q

What inhibits fusion of the vessicle to the end of the pre-synaptic cell?

A

Bretylium, guanethidine